The myc family of cellular oncogenes encodes three highly related nuclear phosphoproteins (c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc) that are believed to function as sequence-specific transcription factors capable of regulating genes important in cellular growth and differentiation. Current evidence indicates that Myc family proteins exist as biologically active heterodimeric complexes in association with another helix-loop-helix leucine zipper phosphoprotein, Max. We have investigated the common and unique properties among the Myc family, as well as the physiological role of Max in the regulation of Myc family function. We demonstrate that trans-activation-incompetent mutants of one Myc family member can act in trans to dominantly suppress the cotransformation activities of all three Myc oncoproteins, indicating that the Myc family functions through common genetic elements in its cellular transformation pathways. Employing coimmunoprecipitation with either anti-Myc or anti-Max antibodies, we show that the transfected normal c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc oncoproteins associate with the endogenous Max protein in REF transformants, indicating that the Max interaction represents at least one component common to Myc family function. In addition, we observed a striking reduction in Myc cotransformation activity when a Max expression construct was added to myc/ras cotransfections. We discuss these biological findings in the context of a proposed model for Myc/Max function and regulation in which Max serves as either an obligate partner in the Myc/Max transcriptional complex or as a repressor in the form of a transcriptionally inert Max/Max homodimer capable of occupying Myc/Max-responsive gene targets.

The aim of this study was to conduct a unified investigation of various, previously mostly individually studied scientific article title characteristics, like: title length, type, amusement and pleasantness, and specific title ‘markers’ (e.g. colons, attention-grabbing words etc.) in relation to subsequent article citation and download rates. Based on a sample of 129 psychology ScienceDirect’s Top 25 Hottest Articles (i.e. highly downloaded articles) and 129 articles not appearing on the Top 25 list (i.e. less downloaded articles), we determined that the most relevant title characteristics were the title length and the title amusement/humour. The partial least squares model revealed that shorter titles were associated with more citations, but the effect was fully mediated by the journal impact, suggesting that the observed citational benefits of the shorter titles might be an artefact of some higher journal impact related attribute (perhaps editorial or peer review process). Title amusement level was slightly correlated with downloads, but with no association with citations. Additionally, downloads correlated positively with citations, and more amusing titles tended to be shorter. While these findings are limited to the psychology discipline only, our results suggest that the integrative structural approach is promising and that more research following this paradigm is needed before empirically grounded recommendations for good title writing can be given.

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ICGs are more reliable proxies than HCPs. A trend for overestimation of symptoms was found in both groups which may lead to undervaluation of the quality of life by proxy and overtreatment of symptoms. This highlights the need to always use the patient report when possible, and to be aware of the potential flaws in proxy assessment. Reasons for overestimation by proxies deserve further research.