Background: Sterilization is a permanent birth control method, with nearly twice as many couples, are choosing female sterilization over male sterilization. Vasectomy is a safe, cheaper, less complicated, and simple procedure in permanent sterilization methods than tubectomy. Aim and objective: To assess attitude, awareness, and knowledge of vasectomy among married men in urban slums of Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Materials and methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study carried among married men in the urban slums of Chennai age 21-49. Simple random sampling is used to select the respondents. Descriptive analysis was done using appropriate R studio software. Results: Among our 132 respondents, most of them are from 20 to 29 (40.90%). About 84% of the participants heard about vasectomy. Awareness of contraceptive methods is mostly through television (75%) and by their family and friends (72%). Our study discovered a gap in the knowledge and attitudes toward vasectomy, which the study revealed that respondents had moderate knowledge but had a negative attitude toward vasectomy. Conclusion: Many men believe that avoiding pregnancy is exclusively the woman's responsibility. Men and women differed in their experience of sterilization. Family and physicians have an important role in ensuring that women know contraception options before the sterilization procedure. Adequate health education campaigns and regular counseling can bring out positive attitudes among people on vasectomy in the future.

Introduction: Under-five mortalities are the significant vital indicators of the population health condition and the social development of the country. Child survival is measured by the under-five mortality rate (U5MR). It also reflects the social, economic, and environmental circumstances, as well as their health care. Our main objective is to determine the impact of the U5MR on economic growth changes and health-care expenditure and examine the sex difference trend of under-five mortalities. Materials and Methods: We have retrieved data from World Bank Indicators from 2005 to 2017, with under-five mortality as the independent variable and health expenditure as a dependent variable. We used correlation analysis to assess the impact of under-five mortalities on economic growth and health-care expenditure in Rstudio (open-source software). Results: The U5MR was higher in females than in males. The correlation of mortality rate, under-five (per 1000 live births) with current health expenditure per capita, domestic general government health expenditure per capita, and domestic private health expenditure per capita was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Accordingly, political stability, effective social sector policies, and government interventions are essential for reducing under-five mortality. The human health force’s participation in macro and micro policy-making is also necessary, and other determinants of health-care expenses should be critically examined.

Background: Infertility is a major public health problem that affects 15% of the global population. Fertility is the ability to conceive pregnancy and has a positive social value whereas; infertility has a negative social value in Indian culture. So, infertility is a serious problem in developing and undeveloped countries are more than of biological.Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude, perception, and practices, and myths about male infertility in the slums of Chennai.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out in the Slums of Chennai from January 2020 to March 2020. A total of 125 male and 125 female participants of the age group ≥18 years were recruited for the study by simple random sampling. Results: The study revealed that there is adequate knowledge of the common causes of infertility, but clinical knowledge is comparatively low. Both men and women shared almost equal knowledge of infertility. Conclusion: Educational programmes, regular campaigns by Accredited social health activists (ASHAs) and the involvement of community are recommended to increase knowledge about the causes of infertility as well as decrease the stigma associated with this condition.

Menstruation and menstrual practices still face many social, cultural, and non secular restrictions which is an enormous barrier within the path of menstrual hygiene management. In many parts of the country especially in rural areas girls aren't prepared and aware of menstruation in order that they face many difficulties and challenges reception, schools, and work places. In rural areas, women don't have access to sanitary products or they know little about the kinds and method of using them or are unable to afford such products due to high cost. So, they mostly believe reusable cloth pads which they wash and use again. Implementation of recent techniques like incineration can help to scale back the waste. Also, awareness should be created to stress the utilization of reusable sanitary products or the natural sanitary products made up of materials like banana fibre, bamboo fibre, sea sponges, water hyacinth, and so on.