Abstract. Singh AK, Kumar S, Jyoti B. 2022. Influence of climate change on agricultural sustainability in India: A State-wise panel data analysis. Asian J Agric 6: 15-27. This study developed Economic Efficiency Index (EEI), Social Equity Index (SEI) and Ecological Security Index (ESI) as an assessment of Agricultural Sustainability Index (ASI) in 17 Indian states during 1990-2017. The Composite Z-Score method was used to integrate 32 different economic, social, and ecological security factors to create ASI, EEI, SEI, and ESI. Subsequently, it examined the impact of climatic factors on ASI using linear, log-linear, and non-linear regression model through state-wise panel data during the said period. The descriptive results indicate that agricultural sustainability was positively associated with economic efficiency, social equity, and ecological security. Therefore, factors related to economic efficiency, social equity and ecological security would be helpful to improve sustainability in the Indian agricultural sector. Furthermore, there was high diversity in economic efficiency, social equity, and ecological security across the Indian state. The ratio of agriculture Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and gross irrigated area with the gross sown area, landholding size, a yield of food-grain and oilseed crops, and cropped area under food-grain crops were observed to be the most influencing factors of economic efficiency. Total literacy rate, female literacy rate and rural literate population were the most crucial factors to improve social equity. Ecological security was improved with increased forest area, pastureland and cropping intensity. Furthermore, the empirical results also showed that maximum temperature had a negative influence; and economic efficiency, social equity, and ecological security positively influenced agricultural sustainability in India. Therefore, India needs to take effective climate policy action to mitigate the negative impact of climate change in the agricultural sector and its allied activities to increase sustainable agricultural development in India. Subsequently, this study provided several policy suggestions to reduce climate change risk in the Indian agricultural sector.

The present study created information communication technology index (ICTI) for 109 countries during 2010-2020 using a composite Z-score method. For ICTI estimation, it used 12 different indicators associated with ICT access, ICT use and ICT skills. Statistical values of ICTI were used to explore the comparative performance across countries in digitalization. The correlation coefficient analysis was used to examine the association of digitalization with economic development and other variables. Log-linear regression model (Cobb-Douglas production function model) was employed to observe the causal relationship between economic development and digitalization using a country-wise panel data. Granger causality test was applied to observe the causal association of digitalization and economic development.

This chapter created entrepreneurship ecosystem development index (EEDI) and information and communication technology evolution index (ICTEI) for 58 countries during 2010 – 2020 using principal component analysis. The statistical values of EEDI and ICTEI are used to explain the comparative performance of these countries in entrepreneurship ecosystem (EE) and digitalization, respectively. Accordingly, log-linear regression model is used to assess the impact of digitalization and certain control variables on EE and vice-versa. The Granger casualty co-integration test is employed to perceive the existence of bi-directional causal relationship between digitalization and entrepreneurship ecosystem. EE and digitalization have a positive and bi-directional causal relationship and vice-versa. Hence, determinants of EE will promote digitalization. Digitalization and ICTs infrastructure may be helpful to increase EE. The findings of this chapter proposed several policy implications to increase digitalization and EE across countries.

This study developed an information and communication technology evolution index (ICTEI) to explain the comparative performance of digitalization across 109 countries during 2010 – 2020. Composite Z-score and principal component analysis was used to create ICTEI. ICTEI was an integration of 16 different indicators associated with ICT access, ICT use, and ICT skills. Thereupon, ICTEI and per capita GDP were used as representative variables for digitalization and economic development, respectively to perceive a causal relationship among them. The empirical results revealed that economic development and digitalization have a positive and causal relationship. Trade openness, inflation, foreign direct investment, employment to population ratio, labour force participation rate, population growth, access to electricity, science and technological development, gross capital formation, and market exchange rate showed a diverse impact on economic development and digitalization in the different income groups countries.