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Background: Maintenance of hand hygiene among health care workers (HCWs) is the cornerstone of infection prevention and control programmes in a health care facility. Poor hand hygiene amongst HCWs is the single most common cause of cross-transmission of infections between patients and HCWs in the hospital. The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors for non-adherence and assess the knowledge regarding maintenance of hand hygiene amongst health care workers at a tertiary health care centre in Western India. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on HCWs-doctors, undergraduate students and staff nurses at a tertiary care hospital and postgraduate institute in western India after ethical committee clearance. A selfreport questionnaire by the World Health Organisation (WHO) for the Hand Hygiene Knowledge Survey (2009), which consisted of ten questions and "My 5 moments of hand hygiene", was answered by the study participants after their written/informed consent. Data was analysed using one-way Anova and Student"s t-tests. Results: 317 participants responded to the survey which included 131 doctors, 111 medical students and 75 staff nurses. 90.85% participants routinely used an alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) but their overall hand hygiene knowledge score was only 61.04%. Prior formal training in hand hygiene significantly improved the knowledge of HCWs (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between the knowledge and actual practice of "My 5 Moments of hand hygiene". Conclusions: Hand hygiene knowledge remains unsatisfactory till date amongst HCWs. There is a need to educate HCWs through frequent training session"s right from the time of undergraduate medical study.

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Introduction: Multisystem involvement is a norm in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Dyspepsia is a common gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptom in people with diabetes. We aimed to study the esophageal, gastric, and duodenal mucosal changes; presence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection; and its significance in dyspeptic diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study done on 287 patients (147 patient with diabetes and 140 nondiabetic controls) with dyspepsia of more than 6 months duration. All patients underwent upper GI endoscopy and evaluation for HP infection. Gross and histopathological examination (HPE) features of biopsies from the esophagus, stomach (fundus, body, and antrum), and duodenum were analyzed and rapid urease test as well as HPE was done for HP detection. Statistical analysis was done and results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Average age for dyspeptic T2DM patients was 56.0 ± 8.44 years. Total 67.35% diabetes patients were addicted to tobacco. Epigastric pain and heartburn were the most common symptoms. Antral gastritis was the most common gross (75.08%) and HPE (70.38%) finding in patients with diabetes. In all, 44.21% patients with diabetes tested positive for HP infection, and there was a statistically significant association of HP with T2DM when compared with nondiabetics (P < 0.00001). However, HP infection did not correlate significantly with either glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) or duration of T2DM. Conclusion: Antral gastritis was a common finding in dyspeptic diabetic patients. HP infection although associated with T2DM dyspeptic patients, was not associated with either uncontrolled sugar levels or duration of diabetes.