The onset of post-traumatic headache (PTC) occurs in the first seven days after trauma, according to the International Headache Society (IHS) classification. The objective of this study was to evaluate the several forms of headache that appear after mild head injury (HI) and time interval between the HI and the onset of pain. We evaluated 41 patients with diagnosis of mild HI following the IHS criteria. Migraine without aura and the chronic tension-type headache were the most prevalent groups, occurring in 16 (39%) and 14 (34.1%) patients respectively. The time interval between HI and the onset of headache was less than seven days in 20 patients (48.7%) and longer than 30 days in 10 (24.3%) patients. The results suggest that PTC may arise after a period longer than is accepted at the present by the IHS.

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is the most common symptom found in the post-traumatic syndrome, whose onset occurs within seven days of the trauma. The condition is characterized as acute when it persists for up to 3 months. PTH beyond this period is considered chronic.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to determine the clinical features of chronic post-traumatic headache (cPTH) and its association with depression, anxiety and quality of life.MethodsA total of 73 female subjects were evaluated. Patients were divided into three groups: (a) group without headache, CONTROL, n=25; (b) cPTH group, n=19; and (c) MIGRAINE, n=29, with all subjects in the 11-84 year age group. Symptoms of anxiety and depression were evaluated by the Beck inventories of anxiety and depression, and quality of life assessed by the Lipp and Rocha quality of life inventory. Qualitative variables were analyzed using the Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and expressed as percentages whereas quantitative variables were analyzed by ANOVA, Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis tests with data expressed as mean±standard deviation, p<0.05.ResultsSubjects with cPTH presented with headache manifesting similar features to those found in migraine. The cPTH group was associated with similar levels of anxiety and depression to the migraine group and higher than the CONTROL (p<0.001). Quality of life of individuals with cPTH was similar to that of subjects with migraine and lower than CONTROL subjects (p<0.05).ConclusionscPTH presents similar clinical characteristics to migraine. Subjects with cPTH had high levels of anxiety and depression symptoms and reduced quality of life.

Introduction: A pervasive and inflexible personality characterizes the borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Both belong to cluster B of the personality classification, and the main feature is emotional dysregulation and a high degree of impulsivity. Objective: To present, outline, and discuss the traits of borderline and antisocial personalities in the biblical characters. Methods: An extensive search was conducted in the Old and New Testaments to find characters who committed violent acts against themselves and/or against other characters. Right after, we sought traits of borderline and antisocial personality disorders and outlined the psychological profile of the characters. Results: Six characters committed suicide in the Old Testament. The first was Abimelech, whose history is told in the book of Judges, followed by Samson’s. The next was Saul, as presented in 1 Samuel. Ahithophel's suicide is reported in 2 Samuel, while Zimri is reported in the 1 Kings, and Judas, the most famous suicide of the New Testament. The following characters presented with a high degree of impulsivity and homicidal acts: Cain and Potiphar’s wife, reported in the book of Genesis, and Absalom and Amnon, described in 2 Samuel (Amnon was a rapist and killer). The last murderer woman described was Jezebel, presented in the book of 1 Kings and 2 Kings. Conclusion: The bible is a very rich and underexplored source of borderline and antisocial personality disorder descriptions.