Introduction: Microalbuminuria is the earliest clinical evidence of diabetic nephropathy. However, prevalence and associated factors with microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients has been understudied area of research in Nepalese context. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with microalbuminuria among type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: This study was a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Blood samples for serum creatinine, Hemoglobin A1C, Fasting blood sugar and urine sample for microalbumin and urine creatinine were collected and analyzed using validated and standardized tools from a total of 400 Type 2 diabetic patients in Devdaha Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Rupandehi, Nepal from August 2014 to September 2017. Microalbuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio greater than 30 and less than300 μg /mg of creatinine Results: Of 400 type 2 diabetic patients, 186 (46.5%) had microalbuminuria. The mean values of FBS, HbA1C, serum creatinine, microalbumin, microalbumin/urine creatinine ratio were higher in microalbuminuria group. Microalbuminuria was significantly positively correlated with duration of diabetes, FBS, HbA1C, serum creatinine, microalbumin, microalbumin/ urine creatinine, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (P< 0.01). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that nearly half of the type 2 diabetic patients had microalbuminuria. Our results emphasize to increase to accessibility to microalbuminuria testing for all the type 2 diabetic patients and bring them under medical supervision to reduce the unwanted complications of diabetes mellitus.

Introduction: Patients with thyroid disorders are more prone to develop depressive symptoms and conversely depression may be accompanied by various subtle thyroid abnormalities. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in depression. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute employing a simple random sampling technique during the period of August 2019-January 2020. The research was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Institutional Review Board of Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute. The protocol approval number is 009/019. Data analysis was done in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 23). Results were presented as frequencies and percentages where required. Results: Among 263 patients with depression, 69 (26.2%) had abnormal thyroid status with most common being subclinical hypothyroidism 32 (12.2%), 13 (4.9%) overt hypothyroidism and 7 (2.7%) overt hyperthyroidism. Conclusions: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is high among patients with depression. We recommend to conduct routine thyroid function tests for all the patients with depression.

Introduction: Bone turnover leading to osteoporosis and poor quality of life is common during post-menopausal period. Study of bone turnover markers that contribute to non-invasive assessment of bone-metabolic disorders holds an important of research in low income country like Nepal.  Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted during the period of November 2016 to December 2017 among 354 women. Blood samples for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and vitamin D were collected and analyzed using a validated and calibrated tools. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 20. Results: Mean±Standard deviation of age of post-menopausal women was significantly higher compared to pre-menopausal women (post-menopausal women, (57.98±8.08) vs. pre-menopausal, (31.35±5.83), (P<0.001). Selected biochemical markers of bone-turnover such as alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly higher with year since menopause (P<0.001), whereas serum calcium, and vitamin D were decreasing with year since menopause among post-menopausal women. In addition, calcium and vitamin D were significantly negatively correlated with year since menopause (P<0.01) while body mass index, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase were significantly positively correlated with year since menopause (P<0.01). Conclusions: Our study revealed that body mass index, inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase positively correlated with year since menopause while calcium and vitamin D were negatively correlated suggesting for a medical supervision of hormonal changes and periodic dosing of calcium and vitamin D among post-menopausal women to reduce the problem of bone health.