Pseudomonas fluorescens not only enhances the plant growth but also controls the fungal pathogens by production of anti fungal metabolites. The objective of this experiment was to identify P. fluorescens using different biochemical tests. This research was carried out in Plant Pathology Laboratory at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The result of this experiment indicated that P.  fluorescens gave positive result for Catalase test, Gelatin liquefaction, Fluorescent pigment and Oxidase test but negative result for starch hydrolysis test. The colony of P. fluorescens was maximum in maize seed than that of rice seed after two hours of inoculation, whereas higher number of colony was found in rice seed than that of maize seed after twenty four hours of seed inoculation. This findings is useful for identifying colony of P. fluorescens  per seed which is necessary for better seedling growth and effective biological control of pathogens.

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is grown primarily to produce grains for human consumption because of its nutritive and health promoting value. Buckwheat is the sixth staple food after rice, wheat, maize, finger millet and barley in Nepal. This study principally focuses on the mineral nutrient content of buckwheat and their role in human health and nutrition. Buckwheat is used as basic food, animal feed, vegetable, soup, beverage and medicine. It is rich source of proteins, starch, antioxidants, dietary fibre and trace elements. It is rich in minerals like Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, K, Na, Ca and Mg. It is rich in fats, flavonoid and vitamin especially B groups. Buckwheat proteins contain amino acid which is well balanced and is of a high biological value. Buckwheat is rich source of rutin. The high level of rutin is extracted from the leaves for medicine to treat high blood pressure. This review serves as a useful tool to researchers and nutritionist who are working in food and nutritional security in Nepal.

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Red ant (Dorylus orientalis Westwood) is the most destructive insect pest of potato tubers in the field in Nepal. A field experiment was conducted at Bhatkada, Dadeldhura district, Nepal in 2020 to determine the efficacy of various biopesticides and chemical insecticide on red ants. The plot size in this experiment was 106.7 m2. Five treatments viz. Chlorpyriphos 20% EC (2 mL L-1 water), Banmaara (2 kg plot-1), Cow urine (2 L 6 L-1water plot-1), Agave (25 g tuber-1) and Control (no treatment) were evaluated in randomized complete block design with four replications. The data on plant height and the number of leaves were taken at 45, 60, and 75 days after planting (DAP). The data on slightly and severely infested tubers were taken after harvesting of potato. The results showed that Chlorpyriphos treated plots gave the lowest values of traits viz numbers of slightly infested tuber (91,500 ha-1), severely infested tubers (12,500 ha-1), weights of slight infested tubers (7,700 kg ha-1) and severely infested tuber (1,130 kg ha-1). Among the botanical pesticides, Agave treated plots provided the second lowest values of numbers of slightly infested tuber (145,500 ha-1), severely infested tubers (37,400 ha-1), weights of slight infested tubers (13,400 kg ha-1) and severely infested tuber (3,110 kg ha-1). The results showed that the Agave treatment provided the highest marketable yield (50,900 kg ha-1). Thus, Chlorpyriphos and Agave could be used to efficiently protect potato tubers from red ant in potato field.

Sulphur is a dynamic source to produce quality seed having higher marketable value. It is an important constituent of plant protein i.e. cysteine, cystine and methionine for the growth and development of quality seed. Real-time application of recommended dose of Sulphur fertilizer during the grain filling stage revealed higher crop yield with seed containing Sinigrin, Gluconapin, and progoitrin protein as indicator of greater quality seed. Adequate application of Sulphur facilitates the nitrogenous component to metabolites into nitrate easily which, promotes the chlorophyll present in the leaf, plant height, dry matter, leaf per plant, greater seed weight and mostly important the flavor in seed. However, the lack of knowledge about the importance of Sulphur fertilizers among the smallholder farmers in Nepal, productivity and marketable quality of the oil seed crop were decreasing. Weak communication of farmer among the knowledge provider and input suppliers revealing the crop into starving soil, remoting traditional acknowledge with better farming for greater yield. Without ensuring the quality of the crop, farmers were applying greater amount of chemical fertilizer for promising higher amount of crop yield. farmers were more oriented toward profit rather than quality.