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Mustard oil cake (MOC) is widely used as biofertilizer in the field of agriculture and aquaculture. Channa punctatus was exposed to 0.42 g.L sublethal concentration for 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Due to such exposure, body growth and histological changes in liver were observed. It was revealed that weight, length and breadth of fish were gradually increased with the days of exposure in compare to control fish, whereas, liver showed an increase in sinusoidal space and lipidosis during early days, followed by a recovery from the stress of MOC on the 28th day.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major vegetable crops of Nepal. Potato is grown all over the globe and consumed as either vegetable or staple food depending upon the crop production scenario. It is also an integral part of human diet. Potato is a high nutrient mining crop and needs higher fertilization for economic tuber production. Despite sufficient application of Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P2O5), low replenishment and widespread potassium deficiency are limiting the potato production in Nepalese condition. Growth parameters such as plant height, leaf area and chlorophyll% was positively correlated with potassium application. Potassium alleviated stresses of frost and drought and reduced incidence of diseases like late blight, black scurf and hollow heart. Potassium also decreased the reducing sugar content and improved chips color and quality. Similarly, potassium application before harvest was found to increase storage life of potato tubers. Furthermore, potassium application significantly increased the yield of potato tubers and quality parameters such as Vitamin C content and specific gravity. Source of potassium and method of potassium application also affected growth, yield and quality parameters. Soil application of potassium in splits coupled with foliar spay was found to perform better.  Optimum dose of potassium was recommended for economic tuber production. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 153-160

Our study primarily focused on permaculture for sustained agriculture. Permaculture can be a best alternative for modern industrial and commercial based agriculture which has given a good yield at present but, it is deteriorating soil quality and other environmental aspects. More ever it can lead to a global threat in the future due to overuse and somewhere due to unutilized resources which may give rise to the food and economic insecurity. By compiling the different literatures, we reviewed that permaculture enriches soil quality by increasing organic matter in soil thus increasing water retention capacity, infiltration, nutrient availability, microbial activities and decreasing the erosion. Thus, it increases physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. It provides food and economic safety by providing diverse crops, increasing yield and income of farm andproviding least cost inputs with increasing output. It is an efficient in terms of resource use as it utilizes renewable resources and makes connections like a web among resources. This review can be useful information for students, research topic for permaculturists for making it smoother and other environmental enthusiast. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 167-173

Agriculture contributes about one-third to the Gross Domestic Product and is the major source of employment in Nepal. Citrus fruits being cultivated in about 60 districts of the country contributes 22.37 % to total fruit production and share 3 % of total fruit export by volume. Considering the contribution of citrus fruits to food and nutritional security, and improved living standard of farmers, Government has implemented various programs to improve this sector. However, no studies were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs. This study was conducted to analyze the trend of production and trade of citrus fruits in Nepal useful to evaluate the effectiveness of the implemented programs. Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope method were used for study these trends. The result showed the increasing trend of area, productive area, and production of citrus fruits under study i.e. Mandarins, Sweet orange and lime and their decreasing productivity during the study period from 1999/2000 to 2017/18. Furthermore, their import, both value and quantity showed significant and increased trend whereas the export was negligible and insignificant during the period from 2009 to 2018. This concludes that the increased production of citrus fruits is insufficient to meet the demand of the country and Nepal is losing a huge amount for import of these fruits.