COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has caused huge death and has spread to almost all the parts of the world. There are speculation that most of the world economy and financial markets would be affected due to lockdown and social distancing. The first case of COVID-19 was first identified in Nigeria on 27th February 2020 and this study examines the effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the performance of the Nigeria stock exchange using historical data covering 2nd March 2015 to 16th April, 2020 sourced from a secondary source. This study considered the COVID-19 period from 2nd January 2020 to 16th April 2020, the results revealed a loss in stock returns and high volatility in stock returns under the COVID-19 period in Nigeria as against the normal period under study. In addition, Quadratic GARCH (QGARCH) and Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models with dummy variable were applied to the stock returns shows that the COVID-19 has had negative effect on the stock returns in Nigeria. The study recommended that political and economic policy such as stable political environment, incentive to indigenous companies, diversification of the economy, flexible exchange rate regime be implemented so as to improve the financial market and to attract more and new investors to the Nigerian Stock Exchange.

The recent COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and now it has caused huge death and spread to almost all over the world. There are news that most of the world economy and financial markets would be affected due to protocols such as lockdown and social distancing. In Nigeria, the first case of COVID-19 was identified on 27th February 2020 and this present study examines the effect of COVID-19 outbreak on the performance of the Nigeria stock exchange using secondary data for the period of 2nd March 2015 to 16th April, 2020. Also the study considered the COVID-19 period of 2nd January 2020 to 16th April 2020, the results from GARCH models revealed a loss in stock returns and high volatility in stock returns under the COVID-19 period in Nigeria as against the non COVID-19 period. Also, the Quadratic GARCH (QGARCH) and Exponential GARCH (EGARCH) models with dummy variable were applied to the stock returns which shown that the COVID-19 has had negative effect on the stock returns in the Nigeria stock markets. The study therefore recommended that economic policy such as incentive to indigenous companies to create new employments, diversification of the economy to attract new investors, and flexible exchange rate regime that will aid business between Nigeria investors and the international market (trade) be implemented. Lastly, the government of Nigeria should ensure policy that ensures stable political environment and reduction in insecurity in the country.

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) is regarded as a public health emergency of international concern. Patients contracting the severe form of the disease constitute approximately 15% of the cases [WHO). The covid-19 is affecting 203 countries and territories around the world. An epidemiological threat such as COVID-19 can have destructive effect on the economy.it is of great importance not to focus only on the epidemiological profile of the virus but also its impact on the economy. As much as economists think about risk-taking as a key driver of the economy, an economy only works if risks are largely known. With the impact of the covid-19 on travel services, durable expenditure, on supply chain and on social isolation (high skilled working from home, home schooling) and impact on demand and supply. On the bases of the listed impact on the economy global recession seems inevitable, there is also possibility of emerging markets. The overall demand effect is probably higher than the initial supply shock. There will be uncertainties, panic, a lot of panic buying and lock-down policies is a key to drive large drop in demand. The investment in a lot of firms especially the small and young firms, spending for households such as rent and mortgagor’s depend largely on cash flow. Large drop in demand will lead to force closure in a lot of firms and this will lead to an increase in lay-offs and hence further drop in consumption, and sadly the economy leads to depressing loop.

Program budget marginal-analysis is a framework used by decision makers to allocate and reallocate resources with maximized benefit or specified goals. Evidently most application of PBMA as employed in most studies have focused mainly within the health organization. To implement the PBMA for optimizing budget allocation problems it involves seven stages. This research will look at applying the PBMA in other organizations that are strategically based for budget allocations. To implement on other organizations, some adjustment on the existing PBMA need to be made. This was achieved through introduction of suitable quantitative approach instead of using the traditional qualitative approach to calculate the marginal cost for the activities/strategies. By introducing and implementation of a suitable mathematical programming model for the final budget allocation process. The adjusted PBMA has proven to be a flexible and workable framework that can be used in other organization not just the health sector where it originated. Hence it is recommended to be used by other organizations for optimal budget allocations

Optimizing decision is one of the procedures used for maximization of benefit with minimization of cost. To achieve a meaningful development in any organization, proper allocation of funds is needed with minimized cost. There would be no meaningful development in any organization that will not involve recruitment and promotion. The method used in this study for optimizing a manpower recruitment and promotion is linear programming approach, proposing a model and applying the model on data collected from hypothetical data for optimizing recruitment and promotion for N-grade manpower system. The output from the research was able to identify the total costs of recruitment is 17,433,800 (seventeen million, four hundred and thirty-three thousands, eight hundred naira) with 22 (twenty-two recruited staff. The total costs for promotion is 10,297,800 (ten million, two hundred and ninety-seven thousands, eight hundred naira) with 22 (twenty-two) staff promoted. From the model formulated, it can be applied by other organization considering recruitment and promotions of staff with a minimized cost for the manpower system when faced with limited available resources.