No abstract
Although light extinction, which is directly related to visibility, is not directly measured in U.S. National Parks, existing IMPROVE protocols can be used to accurately infer visibility for average humidity conditions, but during the large fraction of the year when humidity is above or below average, accuracy is reduced substantially. Furthermore, nephelometers, which are used to assess the accuracy of IMPROVE visibility estimates, may themselves be biased low when humidity is very high. Despite reductions in organic and sulfate particles since the 1990s, hygroscopicity, particles' affinity for water, appears unchanged, although this conclusion is weakened by the previously mentioned nephelometer limitations.
Presently the USAF is operating with 90 different Model Design Series (MDS) aircraft. The 90 MDS aircraft make up a total of 5778 airframes, each with a different number of Lme Replaceable Units (LRUs) which make up the avionics systems. Some of the MDSs have as few as 53 avionics LRUs while others as many as 495. The total dollar value of the USAF aircraft avionics LRUs is approximately $42AB and $30.68B in spares. (See Figure 1.) 111 Depot repairable cost to maintain these components each year is approximately $1.2B [21.Each MDS is assigned specifif missions and the avionics systems are developed to support those missions. Due to the evolution of mission types and user needs, change is constant for the avionics manager. CAUSE OF CHANGEThere are several factors which drive change in aviation electronics. Most of these factors are outside the control of the avionics program manager or engineer. The source of change can be categorized into two groups: customer-driven and sustainment-driven. (See Figure 2.) Customers or users often cause capability change in the avionic systems with military applications. Customer changes can involve foreign threats introducing susceptibility and vulnerability impacts to mission success. Avionics changes can improve the probability of mission success by reducing the vulnerability or susceptibility of the platform to those threats. Changes to improve the probability of mission success include compensation due to failed systems, be it battle-induced or component wear-out. Incorporation of capabilities providing increased lethality is another motivator of digital system AuLon' Currcnr A d d " : B. Hicks. USAF. 2145 Monahan Way, Buildiog 28. WPAFB. OH 45433, USA; L.H. Rigga. L. McDaniel. J. Sanner. 61. Aemnautical E o l c r p r i s e h o~ OWce. Wight-Pamnon A m . OH45433. USA. Based OD B presentation at DASC 2003.
the comedian Bill Hicks, after doing his twelfth gig on the David Letterman show, became the first comedy act to be censored at CBS's Ed Sullivan Theatre, where Letterman was in residence and where Elvis Presley was famously censored in 1956. Presley was not allowed to be shown from the waist down. Hicks was not allowed to be shown at all. It's not what was in Hicks' pants but what was in his head that scared the CBS panjandrums.Hicks, a tall 31-year-old Texan with a podgy face, aged beyond its years from hard living on the road, was no motormouth vulgarian but an exhilarating comic thinker in a renegade class all his own. Until the ban, which, according to Hicks, earned him 'more attention than my other 11 appearances on Letterman times 100', Hicks' caustic observations and mischievous cultural connections had found a wide audience in the UK, where he is still something of a cult figure.Hicks certainly went for broke and pronounced his real comic self in the banned Letterman performance, which he wrote out for me in a 39-page letter that also recounts his version of events. Hicks had to write out his set because the tape of it, which the Letterman people said they'd send three weeks earlier, had not yet reached him. Hicks, who delivered his monologue dressed not in his usual gunslinger black but in 'bright fall colours, an outfit bought just for the show and reflective of my bright and cheerful mood', seemed to have a lot to smile about. Letterman, who Hicks says greeted him as he sat down to talk with, 'Good set, Bill! Always nice to have you drop by with an uplifting message 1 .' and signed off saying, 'Bill, enjoy answering your mail for the next few weeks,' had been seen to laugh. The word in the green room was also good. A couple of hours later, Hicks was back in his hotel, wearing nothing but a towel, when the call came from Robert Morton, the executive producer of the Letterman show, telling him he'd been deep-sixed. Hicks sat down on the bed.
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