Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) adalah cedera mikroskopis yang terjadi di akson pada substansia alba di traktus neuron otak, korpus kalosum, dan batang otak. Biasanya keadaan ini ditandai dengan koma setelah cedera kepala traumatis yang menyebabkan edema dan iskemia pada otak. Keadaan ini sering berujung pada morbiditas maupun mortalitas. Penyebab tersering DAI adalah kecelakaan lalu lintas kendaraan roda dua dengan kecepatan tinggi. Pasien DAI dengan nilai Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) yang rendah sering dihubungkan dengan faktor prognostik buruk yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas. Diagnosis klinis DAI dapat dibuat berdasarkan visualisasi radiologis, namun diagnosis pasti baru dapat ditegakkan dengan pemeriksaan jaringan post mortem. Pada pemeriksaan makroskopis akan ditemukan gambaran hemoragik pada substansia alba, namun pada autopsi biasanya gambaran tersebut sudah menyusut dan meninggalkan gambaran lesi berwarna cokelat, selanjutnya pada kerusakan yang sudah lama dapat menyebabkan penyusutan volume otak. Ciri kerusakan pada DAI dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu kerusakan supratentorial difus pada akson (derajat I), lesi fokal di korpus kalosum (derajat II), dan lesi pada rostral batang otak (derajat III). Pada pemeriksaan mikroskopis tahap awal dapat muncul gambaran "axonal bulb" yang selanjutnya berubah menjadi gambaran aksonal negatif seiring berjalannya waktu.
Background: Sport is a physical activity that increases human body oxygen demand. Hemoglobin has a major role to fulfill the oxygen demand. The ability to fulfill this demand was also seen as cardiorespiratory fitness. Sportsmen have a high cardiorespiratory fitness due to the intensity and frequency of training. This study aimed to explore the effect of hemoglobin concentration on cardiorespiratory fitness of adolescent sportsmen. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from October-November 2019. Male badminton and basketball sportsmen aged 15-19 years old in Jakarta and Bogor were recruited (n=72). Hemoglobin concentration was measured with a digital hemoglobinometer. The VO2max was estimated with a beep test. FITNESSGRAM® Performance Standard was used for the classification of cardiorespiratory fitness. The hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness were then analyzed (Spearman and Kruskal-Wallis). Results: There was a correlation between hemoglobin concentration and cardiorespiratory fitness (p=0.001), although the correlation was weak (r=0.38). Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed there was a significant mean difference in hemoglobin concentration on cardiorespiratory fitness groups (p=0.005). Conclusions: The mean of the hemoglobin concentration in the Healthy Fitness Zone (HFZ) cardiorespiratory group is higher than in the Need Improvement (NI) group and the Need Improvement within Health Risk (NI-HR) group.
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