Background: Lymph nodes are spread throughout the body and are routinely checked for abnormalities. These lymph nodes have the potential to become infected or malignant. The swelling of lymph nodes and the nodes which are abnormal in terms of size and/or number is commonly known as lymphadenopathy. One of the most common causes of lymphadenopathy observed is reactive lymphadenitis followed by granulomatous lymphadenitis. For diagnosis of lymph node biopsies, excisional biopsy and histopathological analysis are considered as the ‘gold standard’. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive and a cross-sectional study of all the patients with lymph node biopsies seen in Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute from January 2018 till March 2022. Histopathology reports of lymph node biopsies of patients required at Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute were included in the study. Results: The most common diagnosis is of tuberculous lymphadenitis which accounted for 251 (53.2%) of the total 469 cases. Tuberculous lymphadenitis was most commonly observed in females (68.92%) as compared to males (31.07%). Cancer cases which accounted for 83 (17.70%) cases formed the second most common diagnosis in which females (53.01%) accounted for most cases as compared to males (46.99%). Conclusions: Enlarged lymph nodes should undergo fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), truecut biopsy and/or excisional biopsy for correct diagnosis. The diagnostic spectrum ranges from benign reactive to TB and also malignancies.

This is a video submission for an interesting caseA 66 year-old lady was previously repeated admitted for vomiting and aspiration pneumonia. EGD showed a suspected hiatal hernia with gastric volvus. Endoscopic reduction was performed and the patient was scheduled for operation. Intra-operatively, it was noted that there were no hiatal hernia but a left diaphragmatic hernia was present. The hernial contents were reduced and the sac excised. The diaphragmatic defect was then closed primarily and reinforced with a 10 x 10cm biological mesh. An anterior partial fundoplication was also performed and the hiatus was closed.

Background: One of the most common problems associated with the abdomen is appendicitis. The acute cases of appendicitis are generally treated with appendectomy. The surgical process of removal of appendix, that is, appendectomy, helps in diagnosis of appendicitis. However, the appendix which looks normal macroscopically can actually harbour pathological findings when histopathological assessment is done. Appendiceal tumours or any type of parasitic function can occur in a normal looking appendix. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive and a cross-sectional study of all the patients with appendix biopsies seen in Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute from January 2018 till March 2022. Ethical approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained for this study. Histopathology reports of appendix biopsies of patients required at Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute were included in the study. Results: Out of the total 359 cases of appendix biopsies, 209 (58.2%) cases of acute appendix were found to be the most common. Males accounted for 216 (60.17%) cases of appendix biopsies which are in majority in comparison to 143 (39.83%) cases of female appendix biopsies. Based on age grouping, the age group of 11-20 showed majority (25.1%) cases of appendix biopsies. Conclusions: All appendix specimens should be sent for histopathological analysis to document the removal of appendix, to know the pathology diagnosis and to rule out malignancy in the appendix.

Background: In India, breast cancer has become a leading cause of cancer death. The indication of a breast lump can be cause of great concern in most patients. While most of the lumps are benign in nature, there is a possibility of an increased risk of developing premalignant lesions. Any breast mass/lump requires histological diagnosis to get a clear picture of the lump associated problems. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive and a cross-sectional study of all the patients with breast lumps seen in Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute from January 2018 till March 2022. Histopathology reports of breast biopsies of patients required at Bhaktivedanta Hospital and Research Institute were included in the study. Results: The total number of cases of breast biopsies available were 449. These cases are grouped into benign and malignant cases which comprise of 276 (61.47%) and 173 (38.53%) cases respectively. The most common benign diagnosis observed was fibroadenoma which accounted for 184 (66.67%) cases. Based on age grouping, the 21-40 age group contained the maximum number of benign cases. The most common malignancy observed was of ductal carcinoma with 163 (94.21%) cases. Based on age grouping, the age group of 41-60 contained the maximum number of malignant cases. Conclusions: It is imperative that all breast lesions should undergo biopsies irrespective of clinical findings for the following reasons: rising incidence of breast cancer, to rule out/confirm malignancy and to complete the diagnostic triad of clinical diagnosis, radiology and pathology.

Gallstone disease is characterized by the formation of calculi in the gall bladder or the biliary tract. It may be asymptomatic or present as biliary colic or with complicated disease. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic gall stones. We describe a case of Gallstone disease in a 43-year-old female, where over seven thousand stones were removed through a Laparoscopic procedure.