To increase the biocatalytic activity of Escherichia coli CCZU-T15 whole cells, choline chloride/glycerol ([ChCl][Gly]) was firstly used as biocompatible solvent for the effective biotransformation of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) into ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate [(S)-CHBE]. Furthermore, L-glutamine (150 mM) was added into [ChCl][Gly]-water ([ChCl][Gly] 12.5 vol%, pH 6.5) media instead of NAD for increasing the biocatalytic efficiency. To further improve the biosynthesis of (S)-CHBE (>99 % e.e.) by E. coli CCZU-T15 whole cells, Tween-80 (7.5 mM) was also added into this reaction media, and (S)-CHBE (>9 % e.e.) could be effectively synthesized from 2000 and 3000 mM COBE in the yields of 100 and 93.0 % by whole cells of recombinant E. coli CCZU-T15, respectively. TEM image indicated that the cell membrane was permeabilized and lost its integrity and when the cell was exposed to [ChCl][Gly]-water media with Tween-80. Clearly, this bioprocess has high potential for the effective biosynthesis of (S)-CHBE (>99 % e.e.).

In this study, sequential biological pretreatment (BP) with Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 at 30 °C for 3 days and deep eutectic solvent (DES) choline chloride: oxalic acid (ChCl:OA, 1 mol/2 mol) extraction at 120 °C for 1.5 h was used for pretreating BSS. It was found that combination pretreatment could effectively remove xylan and lignin for enhancing enzymatic saccharification. The reducing sugars and glucose from the hydrolysis of 100 g/L pretreated BSS with complexed cellulases of Galactomyces sp. CCZU11-1 were obtained in the yields of 81.0% and 74.1%, respectively. The BSS-hydrolyzates had no inhibitory effects on the lipid-accumulating microorganism Bacillus sp. CCZU11-1, and the cell mass and TAG accumulation were 4.8 g CDW/L and 2.2 g TAG/L, respectively. Fatty acids including palmitic acid (C16:0; 25.3%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1; 24.4%), stearic acid (C18:0; 15.1%), and oleic acid (C18:1; 21.6%) were accumulated in cells. Clearly, this combination pretreatment has high potential application in future.

No abstract

When assessing health, physicians traditionally compare perceived and chronologic age. Among adults, "looking old for your age" is often interpreted as an indicator of poor health. The sparse data available on the relation between perceived age and survival indicate an inverse association. 1 It is not known whether "looking old for your age" is primarily a result of lifestyle and other environmental factors or whether genetic factors play an important role.Here we use a population-based survey of Danish twins, age 70 years and older, to assess whether perceived age is influenced by genetic factors and whether "looking old for your age" is associated with an increased mortality.In the 2001 survey of the Longitudinal Study of Aging Danish Twins, 2 91% of cognitively intact participants agreed to have their picture taken (using a digital camera at 0.6-meter distance, with a neutral background, whenever possible). For a total of 387 same-sex twin pairs, we had a highquality picture of both twins: 82 sets of monozygotic males, 93 monozygotic females, 94 dizygotic males, and 118 dizygotic females. The twins were not all photographed with neutral facial expressions, but according to Sheretz et al., 3 this has no effect on age estimation.We engaged 20 female nurses (age 25 to 46 years) to estimate the twins' ages based on digital photographs. The nurses were not informed beforehand about the age range of the twin pairs. They estimated the ages of all first-born and second-born twins on different days. The mean of the nurses' age estimates for a twin was used as the twin's perceived age. The reliability of the mean age rating was estimated at 0.94 from a one-way analysis of variance. The correlation between real age and perceived age was 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] ϭ 0.32-0.48), and the table shows that the nurses' estimates regressed toward a mean of 77.The intrapair correlation for perceived age within monozygotic twins (r ϭ 0.59; CI ϭ 0.49 -0.68) is approximately twice the correlation for dizygotic twins (r ϭ 0.29; CI ϭ 0.16 -0.41) ( Table 1). These findings indicate an effect of additive genetic factors 4 influencing perceived age. The correlations did not vary by age group or gender. Biometric models 4 confirmed that the twin similarity is best explained by a model including additive genetic factors and nonfamily environment, and that the heritability (ie, the proportion of the variance explained by genetic factors) of perceived age is approximately 60% with no sex or age differences.By January 2003, nearly 2 years after having been photographed, at least one of the pictured twins in 49 pairs had died. Among these 49 pairs, the longersurviving twin had been rated as looking younger, on average, than his or her cotwin (mean of 1.15 years; CI ϭ 0.11-2.19). This difference, however, owed entirely to those twin pairs who were perceived to be discrepant in age. Among the 26 pairs for which perceived age differed by 2 or more years, the oldest-looking twin died first in 19 (73%) cases, verifying that perceived age i...