Anomalous diffusion and non-Gaussian statistics are detected experimentally in a two-dimensional driven-dissipative system. A single-layer dusty plasma suspension with a Yukawa interaction and frictional dissipation is heated with laser radiation pressure to yield a structure with liquid ordering. Analyzing the time series for mean-square displacement, superdiffusion is detected at a low but statistically significant level over a wide range of temperatures. The probability distribution function fits a Tsallis distribution, yielding q, a measure of nonextensivity for non-Gaussian statistics.

To develop new OER catalysts to improve efficiency for renewable energy storage, observing oxygen intermediates is essential yet challenging. Herein, based on the electronic structure and chemical property of oxygen intermediates, we design a chemical method to probe oxygen intermediates at operating conditions of OER. Alcohols are demonstrated to be excellent probing molecules to detect oxygen intermediates over various types of catalysts at different reaction media. The general and feasible method could be widely used in every electrochemical laboratory.

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Small RNAs (21-24 nt) are involved in gene regulation through translation inhibition, mRNA cleavage, or directing chromatin modifications. In rice, currently Ϸ240 microRNAs (miRNAs) have been annotated. We sequenced more than four million small RNAs from rice and identified another 24 miRNA genes. Among these, we found a unique class of miRNAs that derive from natural cisantisense transcript pairs. This configuration generates miRNAs that can perfectly match their targets. We provide evidence that the miRNAs function by inducing mRNA cleavage in the middle of their complementary site. Their production requires Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) activity, which is essential for canonical miRNA biogenesis. All of the natural antisense miRNAs (nat-miRNAs) identified in this study have large introns in their precursors that appear critical for nat-miRNA evolution and for the formation of functional miRNA loci. These findings suggest that other natural cis-antisense loci with similar exon-intron arrangements could be another source of miRNA genes.high-throughput sequencing ͉ siRNA ͉ small RNA ͉ massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) M ost eukaryotes possess small RNA-based gene silencing systems that can down-regulate genes at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels (1, 2). At least five classes of these small regulatory RNAs (21-24 nt) have been characterized, including microRNAs (miRNAs), heterochromatic siRNAs, transacting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs), natural antisense siRNAs (nat-siRNAs), and, in metazoans, the Piwi-interacting RNAs (3-7). miRNAs are processed from self-complementary transcripts by the activity of Dicer ribonucleases. siRNAs originate from longer, doublestranded (ds)RNA molecules and usually represent both strands of the RNA, although they are similar in biochemical structure to miRNAs and have some functional similarities. In plants, siRNAs typically derive from transposons, repetitive sequences, and transgenes. These siRNAs could be involved in DNA methylation and histone modifications that silence target transcription (8). Although nat-siRNAs also have been identified (9, 10), natural antisense miRNAs (nat-miRNAs) have not been reported in any system.Plant miRNAs have near-perfect pairing to their targets and therefore generally cause mRNA cleavage. Numerous studies have demonstrated the critical role of miRNAs in controlling developmental processes and organ identity. As of April 2007, the miRNA Sanger database contained 916 plant miRNAs. The list is rapidly growing as a result of new deep-sequencing technologies for small RNA discovery. In Arabidopsis, small RNAs from various mutants, tissues, and developmental stages have been analyzed by highthroughput pyrosequencing (11-15). These efforts identified at least 184 miRNAs (Ϸ70 families) in Arabidopsis. Cloning of miRNAs from lower plants such as moss indicates that some miRNAs are conserved over a long evolutionary distance. In fact, most miRNAs identified in the early studies (21/28) are conserved in more than one plant species, although some miRNAs...