Eggshell quality is associated with hatchability, and ultrastructural organization is an important eggshell quality parameter. To the determine the relationship of shell ultrastructural properties with hatchability, we measured the effect of eggshell thickness, mammillary layer thickness, and the average size of mammillary cones on hatchability. Eggs with thick shells and thick mammillary layers had the highest incidence of hatching. As such, hatchability correlated positively with both eggshell thickness (r = 0.30; P < 0.05) and mammillary layer thickness (r = 0.28; P < 0.05). In addition, the correlation between the average size of mammillary cones and hatchability was not statistically significant. However, a significant positive correlation was observed between the average size of mammillary cones and mammillary layer thickness. It can be concluded that eggshell thickness and mammillary layer thickness affect hatchability.

Background: Eggshell ultrastructure organization, including effective layer thickness, mammillary layer thickness, and average size of mammillary cones, is important for breeding and significantly influences eggshell mechanical properties. Several matrix proteins were known to be important in eggshell formation. However, the proteins and variations that determine eggshell ultrastructure organization are not known.Results: In this study, 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms of three major genes in a hen population using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a very low minor allele frequency (< 1%) were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were used for analysis of associations with eggshell ultrastructure organization. Associations were found for (i) ovocleidin-116 with effective layer thickness (EFF), mammillary layer thickness (MAM), and average size of mammillary cones (SMAM); (ii) ovalbumin with eggshell thickness (ESH), effective layer thickness, and density of the mammillary cone (DMAM); and (iii) calmodulin1 with density of the mammillary cone.Conclusions: The single-nucleotide polymorphisms identified in the present study may be used as potential markers to improve eggshell quality.

The development of poultry farming as a basic industry is driven by this form of development, and agricultural development technology has been greatly improved, which is of great significance for the development of agricultural production. It can be said that in this Under this new form of conditions, people's ideas have also undergone great changes. In the process of agricultural production development, one of the most important influencing factors is to promote the rapid development of poultry farming while also promoting Its stable, healthy and sustainable development. Therefore, it is an important task to achieve green and environmentally friendly farming in the poultry industry and promote the sustainable development of the poultry industry. This article will conduct a series of analyses on how to achieve green and environmentally friendly farming. At the same time, in order to explore the relationship between eggshell colour, composition and structure and eggshell quality, the paper selected 98 normal eggs produced by hens with green environmental protection, and then the quality of the eggshell was measured; then the eggshell colour was determined the instrument measures the colour of the eggshell and explores the deposition rule of the eggshell pigment. Then use the same batch of eggshells to determine the composition of the eggshells, and finally divide them into three groups of strong, medium and weak according to the strength of the eggshells. Take 5 eggshells in each group to observe the microstructure and crystal structure. The study found that the deposition law of eggshell pigments: biliverdin IX and protoporphyrin IX in the eggshell both reached the maximum secretion in the final stage of eggshell formation, and they may be regulated by the same factors. Eggshell colour has a certain relationship with egg weight, eggshell strength, eggshell thickness and Hastelloy unit.

Eggshell provides a relatively independent and stable internal environment for embryo growth and development, and is also a source of calcium ions required for embryo development. Eggshells of good quality can reduce the risk of food safety to a certain extent, and can also reduce the economic losses caused by broken eggshells and improve economic efficiency. At the same time, the process of eggshell formation is also a classic biomineralization model. In this study, the 600K high-density SNP chip of chicken was used to perform SNP typing on several groups obtained by the reciprocal cross between Bailaihang and Dongxiang green-shell hens. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray crystal diffraction were used to determine the ultrastructure and eggshell ultrastructure. Crystal structure, explain its genetic basis, and explore the relationship between eggshell ultrastructure and crystal structure. This study believes that the DERA gene plays an important role in regulating the growth of eggshell crystals. There are three possible ways of action: one is to provide energy for the synthesis of uterine tissue cell matrix protein and its transport with ions; the second is to reduce the stress of high Ca2+ concentration stress, maintain cell activity, and for the growth of eggshell crystals Stably provide the required Ca2+; third, by regulating the concentration of ATP in the uterine fluid, the effect on the growth of eggshell crystals.

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