BackgroundTo take advantage of affordable high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies to characterize microbial community composition often requires the development of improved methods to overcome technical limitations inherent to the sequencing platforms. Sequencing low sequence diversity libraries such as 16S rRNA amplicons has been problematic on the Illumina MiSeq platform and often generates sequences of suboptimal quality.ResultsHere we present an improved dual-indexing amplification and sequencing approach to assess the composition of microbial communities from clinical samples using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We introduced a 0 to 7 bp “heterogeneity spacer” to the index sequence that allows an equal proportion of samples to be sequenced out of phase.ConclusionsOur approach yields high quality sequence data from 16S rRNA gene amplicons using both 250 bp and 300 bp paired-end MiSeq protocols and provides a flexible and cost-effective sequencing option.
Vaginal microbiota form a mutually beneficial relationship with their host and have a major impact on health and disease. In recent years our understanding of vaginal bacterial community composition and structure has significantly broadened as a result of investigators using cultivation-independent methods based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. In asymptomatic, otherwise healthy women, several kinds of vaginal microbiota exist, the majority often dominated by species of Lactobacillus, while others are composed of a diverse array of anaerobic microorganisms. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common vaginal condition and is vaguely characterized as the disruption of the equilibrium of the normal vaginal microbiota. A better understanding of normal and healthy vaginal ecosystems that is based on their true function and not simply on their composition would help better define health and further improve disease diagnostics as well as the development of more personalized regimens to promote health and treat diseases.
Pectobacterium and Dickeya spp. are related broad-host-range entero-bacterial pathogens of angiosperms. A review of the literature shows that these genera each cause disease in species from at least 35% of angiosperm plant orders. The known host ranges of these pathogens partially overlap and, together, these two genera are pathogens of species from 50% of angiosperm plant orders. Notably, there are no reported hosts for either genus in the eudicots clade and no reported Dickeya hosts in the magnoliids or eurosids II clades, although Pectobacterium spp. are pathogens of at least one plant species in the magnoliids and at least one in each of the three eurosids II plant orders. In addition, Dickeya but not Pectobacterium spp. have been reported on a host in the rosids clade and, unlike Pectobacterium spp., have been reported on many Poales species. Natural disease among nonangiosperms has not been reported for either genus. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences concatenated from regions of seven housekeeping genes (acnA, gapA, icdA, mdh, mtlD, pgi, and proA) from representatives of these genera demonstrated that Dickeya spp. and the related tree pathogens, the genus Brenneria, are more diverse than Pectobacterium spp. and that the Pectobacterium strains can be divided into at least five distinct clades, three of which contain strains from multiple host plants.
BackgroundBacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common gynecologic diagnosis characterized by dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota. It is often accompanied by vaginal symptoms such as odor and discharge, but can be asymptomatic. Despite over 50 years of research, the etiology of BV is not well understood, which is a major impediment to treatment and prevention of BV.ResultsHere we report on the temporal dynamics of 25 vaginal communities over a 10 week period using samples collected daily from women who were diagnosed with symptomatic BV (15 women), asymptomatic BV (6 women), and women who did not have BV (4 women).ConclusionThis unique resource of samples and data will contribute to a better understanding of the role that the vaginal microbes have in the natural history of BV and lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.
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