A general class of mass transport models with Q species of conserved mass is considered. The models are defined on a lattice with parallel discrete time update rules. For one-dimensional, totally asymmetric dynamics we derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the mass transfer dynamics under which the steady state factorizes. We generalize the model to mass transfer on arbitrary lattices and present sufficient conditions for factorization. In both cases, explicit results for random sequential update and continuous time limits are given.

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A write-once disk with AlSi alloy was proposed and studied. A jitter of 6.5% and a modulation of larger than 0.8 were obtained at a linear velocity of 8.4 m/s. Jitter is less than 5% in the blue laser system at a clock frequency of 66 MHz and a linear speed of 8.25 m/s for track pitch of 0.68 and 0.45 µm disk.

-A method for pinning magnetic domains with prescribed shapes has been developed for the magnetooptical (MO) thin film material DYx(FeCo)J.x. The pinning array of holes on the substrate was fabricated using electron beam lithography. The thin film of DYx(FeCo)l.x sandwiched between SiN layers was deposited onto a patterned polymethyl methacrylate (PM MA) layer. The pinned domains acquire the shape of the holes, while the sharpness of their boundaries depends on the size of the holes. The stability of the pinned domains is affected by the sample's magnetization. In our experiments, the minimum stable domain size pinned within the hole arra)-\\as found to be around 30 nm in diameter.

Generally, automobiles are typically equipped with separate headlamp lanterns for generating low- and high-beam light. Compared with separate headlamp lanterns, a single headlamp producing both low- and high-beam light can be more compact and have less mechanical complexity. The single headlamp structure has become a main emphasis of research that manufacturers will continue to focus great efforts on in the future. A novel design of a single headlamp generating both low- and high-beam light is proposed in this study. The proposed headlamp consists of a compound ellipsoidal reflector, a baffle plate, a condenser lens, and LED array devices generating low- and high-beam light. The compound ellipsoidal reflector comprises a primary ellipsoidal reflector for generating low-beam light and a secondary ellipsoidal reflector for generating high-beam light. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations were performed to confirm the optical characteristics of the proposed design. A prototype of the proposed headlamp was also fabricated and assembled to verify the design’s effectiveness. The simulated and measured illuminance distributions of the low-beam and high-beam light had the desired light patterns. Moreover, all the simulated and measured illuminances of each point and line met the ECE R112 regulation for low-beam and high-beam light. The proposed headlamp in this study is feasible for the application of single headlamp generating both low- and high-beam light.