The excessive accumulation of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol have been linked to prostate cancer (Pca). Here, we found that lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, triglycerides and free fatty acids are significantly higher in the peripheral blood of prostate cancer patients than in non-cancer patients. Furthermore, the expression of ACC1, FASN and HMGCR is significantly higher in prostate cancer tissues than that in non-cancer tissues, and positively correlated with the gleason score. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we found that in a mouse model of high grade prostatic intraneoplasia (HGPIN), a combination of fatty acid synthase (FASN) overexpression and cholesterol efflux pump (Abca1) knockout resulted in the progression of prostatic intraneoplasia (PIN) to invasive PCa with 100% penetrance, as well as an increase in prostate cancer stem cell (PCSC)population, accompanied by activation of PGE 2 and TGF-β signaling pathway. Our study suggests that the steady rise in prostate cancer incidence and mortality among Chinese population during the last several decades may be attribute to a combinational effect of fatty acid and cholesterol, and reduction in dietary fat and cholesterol intake could slow down the progression from occult lesions to prostate cancer.

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To investigate the influence of the fissure morphology on the dynamic mechanical properties of the rock and the crack propagation, a drop hammer impact test device was used to conduct impact failure tests on sandstones with different fissure numbers and fissure dips, simultaneously recorded the crack growth after each impact. The box fractal dimension is used to quantitatively analyze the dynamic change in the sandstone cracks and a fractal model of crack growth over time is established based on fractal theory. The results demonstrate that under impact test conditions of the same mass and different heights, the energy absorbed by sandstone accounts for about 26.7% of the gravitational potential energy. But at the same height and different mass, the energy absorbed by the sandstone accounts for about 68.6% of the total energy. As the fissure dip increases and the number of fissures increases, the dynamic peak stress and dynamic elastic modulus of the fractured sandstone gradually decrease. The fractal dimensions of crack evolution tend to increase with time as a whole and assume as a parabolic. Except for one fissure, 60° and 90° specimens, with the extension of time, the increase rate of fractal dimension is decreasing correspondingly.

Here we developed an efficient Ni-catalyzed C−F bond phosphorylation of aryl fluorides via the crucial intermediates of P−P(O) and P(O)OR. The P−P(O) mediated organophosphorus generation is observed for active aryl...