Background/Aims: The induction of excessive autophagy by increased levels of oxidative stress is one of the main mechanisms underlying unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced vascular endothelial cell dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been shown to have an anti-oxidative effect, but its mode of action on excessive autophagy in vascular endothelial cells is unclear. Methods: Surgery was used to induce UUO in male C57BL/6 mice as an in vivo model. Human renal epithelial cells (HK-2) were treated with H₂O₂ as an in vitro model. NaHS was used as an exogenous H₂S donor. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the structure of renal autophagosomes. The expression of proteins related to autophagy and apoptosis was detected by western blot analysis in vivo and in vitro. Flow cytometry (DCFH-DA) was used to examine the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay was used to detect cell apoptosis. Compound C was used to analyze the association of AMPK with autophagy. Results: Compared with the sham group, in which the ureter was exposed but not ligated, the cell apoptosis index, number of autophagosomes, protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light-chain 3 (LC3)-II/I, beclin-1, and p-AMPK/AMPK were significantly increased in the UUO group. On the other hand, p62, cystathionine β-synthase, and cystathionine γ-lyase protein expression levels and H2S concentration were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). These alterations were ameliorated by the addition of NaHS (p < 0.05). Similar results were observed in vitro. By using the AMPK inhibitor compound C, it was indicated that AMPK was involved in ROS-induced autophagy. In addition, using tissue from patients with obstructive nephropathy, excessive autophagy was observed by an increased LC3-II/LC3-I ratio. Conclusion: NaHS-treatment may exert a protective effect on mouse kidney against UUO by suppressing the ROS-AMPK pathway. ROS-AMPK-mediated autophagy may represent a promising therapeutic target for obstructive nephropathy.

A class of aggregative games with coupled constraints is considered in this paper. The problem of seeking generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) for the game with double‐integrator multi‐agent systems on weight‐balanced directed graphs is studied. To remove the convergence conditions related to the Laplacian matrix of the communication graph, adaptive parameters are introduced in the designed seeking algorithm. Moreover,an event‐triggered broadcasting scheme is designed to reduce communication loads when agents execute the seeking algorithm. It is shown that the designed algorithm can globally asymptotically converge to the GNE of the game and the proposed event‐triggered scheme is free of the Zeno behavior. A numerical example is illustrated to validate the proposed methods.

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Aiming at the characteristics of magnetron of airport surveillance radar, such as short operation time, complexity and nonlinear vibration signal, a fault reasoning method based on T-S fuzzy fault tree model was proposed to realize fault reasoning analysis of magnetron of radar receiving and receiving system. A T-S fuzzy fault tree fault inference model is constructed by using the field expert’s opinion expressed by fuzzy number language set. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional manual fault detection method, this method can make more comprehensive and efficient inference analysis for the magnetron fault events. This method provides a new idea for the application of magnetron fault reasoning analysis in engineering.