This systematic review aimed to evaluate the long-term (≥ 5 years) outcomes of bariatric surgery on diabetes remission, microvascular and macrovascular events, and mortality among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Ten articles (one randomized controlled trial and nine cohorts) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Pooled estimates of nine cohort studies showed that surgery significantly increased the diabetes remission (relative risk (RR) = 5.90; 95% CI 3.75-9.28), reduced the microvascular (RR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.30-0.46) and macrovascular events (RR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.44-0.61), and mortality (RR = 0.21; 95% CI 0.20-0.21) as compared to non-surgical treatment. Available evidence suggests better remission and lower risks of microvascular and macrovascular disease and mortality in the surgery group as compared to non-surgical treatment group in T2D patients after at least 5 years of follow-up.

Background: The link between body weight status and spinal diseases has been suggested by a number of cross-sectional and cohort studies with a limited range of patient populations. No population-representative samples have been used to examine the link between obesity and spinal diseases. The present study is based on a nationally representative sample drawn from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Methods: Using the cross-sectional sample of the 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Study, we built four weighted logistic regression analyses of the associations between body weight status and the following four spinal diseases: low back pain, spondylosis, other cervical disorders and intervertebral disc disorder (IDD). Each respondent’s body weight status was used as the key independent variable with three categories: normal/underweight, overweight, and obese. We controlled for marital status, gender, age, smoking status, household income, health insurance coverage, educational attainment and the use of health services for other major categories of diseases. Results: A total sample of 23,048 respondents was used in our analysis. Overweight and obese respondents, as compared to normal/underweight respondents, were more likely to develop lower back problems (Overweight: logged odds = 0.218, p < 0.01; Obese: logged odds = 0.395, p < 0.001) and IDD (Overweight: logged odds = 0.441, p < 0.05; Obese: logged odds = 0.528, p < 0.001). The associations between bodyweight status and spondylitis were statistically insignificant (Overweight: logged odds = 0.281, p = 0.442; Obese: logged odds = 0.680, p = 0.104). The associations between body weight status and other cervical disorders (Overweight: logged odds = −0.116, p = 0.304; Obese: logged odds = −0.160, p = 0.865) were statistically insignificant. Conclusions: As the first study using a national sample to study bodyweight and spinal diseases, our paper supports the hypothesis that obesity adds to the burden of low back pain and IDD. Longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to understand the specific mechanisms behind these positive associations.

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)-induced renal damage can occur as a result of multiple mechanisms, including small vessel injury and free radical formation. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Astragalus membranaceus (AM), a traditional Chinese herb, could significantly alleviate shock wave-induced renal oxidative injury, and its renoprotective effects were superior to those of varapamil, a calcium antagonist, which were considered to be a powerful agent in treating renal damage during ESWL. However, the effective antioxidant ingredient of this herb in the setting of lithotripsy remains unclear. Astragalosides, the major components of AM, was demonstrated to have superior antioxidation properties both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, in this study we further investigate the potential effects of astragalosides on the shock wave-induced oxidative stress in rabbit kidney. Thirty male rabbits were randomly assigned to two groups, each consisting of 15 rabbits: (1) control group, (2) astragaloside-treated group. Each group of animals underwent 1,500 shock waves to the right kidney. Peripheral blood, urine and kidney tissue samples were collected pre- and post-ESWL. The level of urinary N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG), serum creatinine, serum or homogenates malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), respectively, were detected. Histological alterations were also examined through light microcopy and transmission electron microscopy. In the control group, shock wave significantly increased the level of MDA and decreased SOD activity in both blood and renal homogenates (P<0.05, respectively). The comparison between the control and astragalosides group demonstrated that astragalosides could significantly decrease the level of MDA (P<0.05) and inhibit the decline of SOD activity (P<0.05). After exposure to shock waves, the activity of urinary NAG increased significantly in the control group (P<0.05). However, the concentration of serum creatinine did not change significantly. The comparison between the control and astragalosides group demonstrated that astragalosides significantly reduced the shock wave-induced leakage of NAG into the urine (P<0.05). Histological examination also showed that renal morphological impairments were much milder in astragaloside-treated rabbits than those of the control group. Our results indicated that astragaloside treatment provided significant protection against shock wave-induced renal oxidative injury.

BackgroundOur study investigated the associations of metabolic syndrome (MS) and metabolic indicators with prostate cancer (PCa) risk in the Chinese Han ethnic population.Material/MethodsWe studied 101 PCa patients (without/with MS) and 120 healthy controls. Clinical data, including waist circumference, BMI, TG, FINS, FBG, and PCa-related indicators, were collected. The correlations between MS and PCa were analyzed.ResultsCompared to PCa, PV and Gleason scores increased and PSA levels decreased in PCa with MS group (all P<0.001). PV was positively correlated with BMI, FINS, and HOMA-IR (r=0.459, P<0.001; r=0.421, P=0.001; r=0.490, P=0.003, respectively), and was negatively correlated with HDL-C (r=−0.378, P<0.001). PSA level in MS patients was negatively correlated with BMI (r=−0.125, P<0.001), TG (r=−0.256, P<0.001) and FBG (r=−0.183, P<0.001). Large PV, high TG, low HDL-C, high LDL-C, and high FBG were associated with an increased risk of PCa (P<0.001, OR=1.10, 95%CI: 1.009–3.304; P<0.001, OR=2.91, 95%CI: 1.612–5.241; P<0.001, OR=7.89, 95%CI: 3.908–15.947; P=0.015, OR=1.87, 95%CI: 1.131–3.077; P=0.004, OR=2.17, 95%CI: 1.280–3.686, respectively). MS-related indicators showed a positive relationship with PCa (P<0.001, OR=1.90, 95%CI: 1.107–10.629).ConclusionsOur study shows that MS and metabolic indicators are associated with an increased risk of PCa, pointing to a novel therapeutic approach for PCa management.

Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a diagnostic biomarker of prostate cancer and is possibly associated with obesity. This study aimed to explore the relationships between obesity indicators [body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC)] with PSA in Chinese men. A cross-sectional study of men aged 30-85 years undergoing prostate cancer screening was conducted from August 2008 to July 2013 in Xi'an, China. Data were obtained from clinical reports, condition was recorded based on self-report including demographics, weight, height, and WC (>90 cm=obese). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and prostate volume (PV) were assessed clinically. Patients were grouped by BMI (normal=22.9, overweight=23-27.4, obese≥27.5 kg/m2). PSA parameters of density (PSAD), PSA serum level, and PSA increasing rate per year (PSAR) were calculated per BMI and age groups (30-40, 41-59, 60-85 years). Obesity indicators (BMI and WC) and PSA parameter relationships were modeled by age-stratified linear regression. Of 35,632 Chinese men surveyed, 13,084 were analyzed, including 13.44% obese, 57.44% overweight, and 29.12% normal weight, according to BMI; 25.84% were centrally (abdominally) obese according to WC. BMI and WC were negatively associated with all PSA parameters, except PSAD and PSAR [P<0.05, BMI: β=-0.081 (95%CI=-0.055 to -0.036), WC: β=-0.101 (-0.021 to -0.015)], and independent of FBG and PV (P<0.05) in an age-adjusted model. In conclusion, obesity was associated with lower PSA in Chinese men. Therefore, an individual's BMI and WC should be considered when PSA is used to screen for prostate cancer.