This systematic review aimed to evaluate the long-term (≥ 5 years) outcomes of bariatric surgery on diabetes remission, microvascular and macrovascular events, and mortality among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Ten articles (one randomized controlled trial and nine cohorts) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Pooled estimates of nine cohort studies showed that surgery significantly increased the diabetes remission (relative risk (RR) = 5.90; 95% CI 3.75-9.28), reduced the microvascular (RR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.30-0.46) and macrovascular events (RR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.44-0.61), and mortality (RR = 0.21; 95% CI 0.20-0.21) as compared to non-surgical treatment. Available evidence suggests better remission and lower risks of microvascular and macrovascular disease and mortality in the surgery group as compared to non-surgical treatment group in T2D patients after at least 5 years of follow-up.

Objectives-To investigate sociodemographic disparities in alcohol environments and their relationship with adolescent drinking.

We found fewer differences, especially by relative income and education, in weight gain across subpopulations than we had expected. Women and non-Hispanic Blacks gained weight faster than other groups.

All four interventions to reduce the harm from tobacco use appear to be highly cost effective and should be considered as priorities in the context of Vietnam. The government may initially consider graphic warning labels and tax increase, followed by other interventions.