No abstract

Vaccination of children with special health status has become one of the most urgent issues in China. We aim to evaluate vaccination coverage and safety as well as its associated factors among children with special health status in China during 2016‒2020. We conducted a retrospective cohort review of all children with special health status recorded in the Electronic Immunization Registries System in Chongqing, China, between 2016 and 2020. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the influence factors. Among the 2,175 children with special health status enrolled in the study, the overall vaccination coverage rate was lower than that among the general population, and the incidence of adverse event in them following immunization was very rare. Children with congenital heart disease were better vaccinated (aOR = 1.508–6.331), while most of the jaundice children had missed vaccination (aOR = 0.441‒0.556). The purchase of vaccine compensation insurance was associated with higher completion rate of basic immunization for Bacillus Calmette-G vaccine (aOR = 1.706, 95% CI: 1.249‒2.329) and rotavirus vaccine (aOR = 1.346, 95% CI: 1.061‒1.708). Children with special health status can be safely vaccinated. However, the vaccination coverage in these huge and vulnerable group is too low to protect them from vaccine-preventable diseases through immunization. More researches and interventions should be conducted to ensure a higher vaccination rate among the children with special health status.

After measles vaccine supplementary immunization, the epidemiological characteristics of measles have changed in Chongqing, China. In addition, according to data from the National Measles Surveillance Information System, the proportion of measles cases with a history of hospital visit 7 to 21 days prior to onset of measles increased year by year to 32.1% in 2016. Further studies are necessary to eliminate the influence of nosocomial exposure on measles. We performed a case-control study in seven districts of Chongqing from June to August 2016 to identify risk factors for measles virus infection and susceptibility. Laboratory-confirmed measles who younger than 5 years old were matched with one control by age and residence. We interviewed case patients and controls regarding potential risk factors for measles virus infection and susceptibility. Unadjusted and adjusted matched odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using non-conditional logistic regression. After a cross-sectional analysis of the behavioral characteristics of visiting hospitals in the case and control groups, it was found that there was a difference between the two groups in the choice of hospitals visited for the first time (χ 2 = 35.500, P = .000), and that nosocomial transmission risk tended to develop in outpatient services of respiratory medicine. After analysis using one-way ANOVA, the relationship between hospital visits prior to onset and the incidence risk of measles was that visiting hospitals five times within 1 to 3 weeks prior to onset affected the incidence (OR = 44.866, 95%CI = 5.938–338.981). The relationship between the number of types of hospitals visited prior to onset and the risk of nosocomial exposure to measles showed that visiting any community hospital, children’s hospital, or general hospital had no risk, but visiting two or more of these hospitals affected the incidence (OR = 6.928, 95%CI = 3.849–13.754). Based on further analysis, the relationship between the number of hospital visits after onset and the risk of nosocomial exposure to measles was that the chances of visiting hospitals increased after onset. Risks of nosocomial exposure to measles and infections are high in pediatric hospitals. Nosocomial exposure risk factors should be considered when controlling measles.

Background: The five-year survival rate of breast cancer is bleak because of the predilection for bone metastasis. Tumor-associated macrophages are involved in tumor metastasis and are divided into two antagonistic types, M1 and M2. This study aimed to detect the anti-tumor effect of the modified Sijunzi decoction (MSJZD) in a mouse model of breast cancer and explore whether MSJZD inhibited tumor metastasis by regulating macrophage polarization.Materials and methods: A luciferase-expressing mouse breast cancer cell line Luc-4T1 was inoculated into the right mammary fat pad of mice to establish a Balb/c mouse model of breast cancer. After inoculation for 24 h, the mice were randomly divided into the MSJZD group and control group (n = 5 per group). The mice in the MSJZD group were gavaged with 0.77 g/mL MSJZD once daily for 35 days, whereas those in the control group were administered the same volume of normal saline. Subsequently, the effects of MSJZD on tumor growth and macrophage polarization were investigated.Results: On day 35, MSJZD reduced tumor growth in the mouse model of breast cancer. Flow cytometry showed that the M1 marker (inducible nitric oxide synthase+) was increased in the MSJZD group relative to that in the control group, whereas the M2 marker (CD206+) did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups. The results indicated that MSJZD promoted macrophage polarization into the M1 phenotype.Conclusions: Our findings showed that MSJZD promoted macrophage polarization into the M1 phenotype, thus inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer.