Topical drug delivery is mostly culled for the local dermatological action, but recently the new technologies are also enhancing its systemic effect. They are generally applied for the purpose as antiseptics, antifungal agents, skin emollients, and protectants. The activity of topical preparation confide in the various factors as drug solubility, its lipophilicity, contact time to skin, its permeability. Many widely used topical agents like ointments, creams, lotions, gel are associated with disadvantages like stability problems, stickiness and lesser spreading coefficient, irritation, allergic reactions, poor permeability, poor absorption and difficulty in absorption of large molecule, to rectify this the new concept of Emulgel has been introduced with the main objective to deliver hydrophobic drug molecule. Emulgel is oil in water or water in oil emulsion carrying drug to be incorporated in gel base to obtain gellified emulsion. Emulgel shows the controlled and better release effect of drug by virtue of combined effect of gel and emulsion with increased stability. Gel having various advantages as non greasy and favors good patient compliance in field of cosmetology and dermatology but are still limited to the deliver hydrophobic drugs. So the Emulgel comes to favour the hydrophobic drugs to give the advantages of gel. Emulgels have several advantages in the field of dermatology such as being thixotropic, greaseless, easily spreadable, easily removable, emollient, nonstaining, long shelf life, bio-friendly, transparent and pleasing appearance. Factors such as gelling agent, oil agent, emulsifiers influence the stability and efficacy of emulgel. So emulgels can be the better semisolid preparation than other conventional systems. At present the emulgel are being used for the delivery of analgesics, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-acne drugs and various cosmetic formulations with still wide range to explore.

The term dementia derives from the Latin demens ("de" means private, "mens" means mind, intelligence and judgment-"without a mind"). Dementia is a progressive, chronic neurological disorder which destroys brain cells and causes difficulties with memory, behaviour, thinking, calculation, comprehension, language and it is brutal enough to affect work, lifelong hobbies, and social life. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewys Bodies are some common types of dementias. Acetylcholinesterase AChE) Inhibition, the key enzyme which plays a main role in the breakdown of acetylcholine and it is considered as a Positive strategy for the treatment of neurological disorders. Currently many AChE inhibitors namely tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine have been used as first line drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. They are having several side effects such as gastrointestinal disorder, hepatotoxicity etc, so there is great interest in finding new and better AChE inhibitors from Natural products. Natural products are the remarkable source of Synthetic as well as traditional products. Abundance of plants in nature gives a potential source of AChE inhibitors. The purpose of this article to present a complete literature survey of plants that have been tested for AChE inhibitory activity. Many phytoconstituents and promising plant species as AChE inhibitors are being reported in this communication.

Objective: Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent mediators of inflammation that are associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The CysLTs receptor antagonist may offer protection against ischemic injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of zafirlukast in experimentally induced global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice.Methods: Global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 17 min followed by 24 h reperfusion. Mice were randomly assigned to eight groups (n = 6 per group): control, sham-operated, I/R control, prednisolone treated group (5 mg/kg, p. o.) for 10 d, zafirlukast treated group (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, p. o.) for 10 d and combination group treated with zafirlukast (5 mg/kg, p. o.)+nifedipine (5 mg/kg, i. p.) for 10 d before ischemia/reperfusion. At the end of reperfusion (24 h), a blood sample was collected from retro-orbital route and mice's brain was removed by cervical dislocation to measure serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum nitrite concentration, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cerebral infarct size.Results: Zafirlukast showed the dose-dependent neuroprotective activity by a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase, serum nitrite level and cerebral infarct size. The high dose of zafirlukast (20 mg/kg, p. o.) and combination of zafirlukast (5 mg/kg, p. o.) with nifedipine (5 mg/kg, i. p.) showed the most potent neuroprotective effect against ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) group. Conclusion:This original study demonstrated the potency of zafirlukast in global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Also zafirlukast, in combination with nifedipine could represent a therapeutic approach to reduce inflammation associated with ischemia injury.

Stroke is severe neurological disorder characterized by interruption of blood circulation into the brain and the leading cause of serious long-term disability. The central goal of therapy in ischemic stroke is to preserve tissue in the ischemic penumbra, where perfusion is decreased but sufficient to stave off infarction. Therefore, the fundamental treatment of AIS relies on prompt recanalisation and reperfusion of the threatened, but potentially salvageable, ischemic penumbra. Intravenous (iv) thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) remains the current strategy. However, other thrombolysis is underused, owing to various exclusion criteria that limit the number of treated patients. Other thrombolytics are under investigation. Intra-arterial thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy devices is also increasingly applied. This review analyses the current status and the problem of the pharmacological treatment of acute ischemic stroke.