This suggests that a loading dose of valproate is likely safe and may provide an earlier onset of antimanic effects in patients with bipolar disorder. Future studies with larger sample sizes are indicated.

Our findings suggest that the frontal cortex and midline thalamic brain regions are involved in PCP-induced effects in mice. Furthermore, we show that an intact nNOS system is necessary to obtain PCP-induced effects. This may implicate nNOS as a viable drug target in the treatment of schizophrenia.