No abstract

In this work we present a high resolution oxygen imaging approach, which can be used to study 2D oxygen distribution inside microfluidic environments. The presented setup comprises a fabrication process of microfluidic chips with integrated luminescent sensing films combined with referenced oxygen imaging applying a color CCD-camera. Enhancement of the sensor performance was achieved by applying the principle of light harvesting. This principle enabled ratiometric imaging employing the red and the green channel of a color CCD-camera. The oxygen sensitive emission of platinum(ii)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorphenyl)-porphyrin (PtTFPP) was detected by the red channel, while the emission of a reference dye was detected by the green channel. This measurement setup allowed for accurate real-time 2D oxygen imaging with superior quality compared to intensity imaging. The sensor films were subsequently used to measure the respiratory activity of human cell cultures (HeLa carcinoma cells and normal human dermal fibroblasts) in a microfluidic system. The sensor setup is well suited for different applications from spatially and temporally resolving oxygen concentration inside microfluidic channels to parallelization of oxygen measurements and paves the way to novel cell based assays, e.g. in tissue engineering, tumor biology and hypoxia reperfusion phenomena.

Fluorescent pH-sensors based on 1,4-diketopyrrolo-[3,4-c]pyrrole indicator dyes are presented. Their key advantages are excellent suitability for fluorescence imaging and tunability of the sensitive range.

This review gives an overview on the state-of-the-art of oxygen imaging in microfluidics. Oxygen imaging using optical oxygen sensors based on luminescence is a versatile and powerful tool for obtaining profoundly space-resolved information of oxygen in microreactors and microfluidic systems. We briefly introduce the principle of oxygen imaging and present techniques of oxygen imaging applied in microreactors and microfluidic devices, including selection criteria and demands of sensing material and basic set-up for a 2D oxygen sensing system. A detailed review of oxygen imaging in microreactors and microfluidic systems is given on different applications in oxygen gradient monitoring, cell culturing, single-cell analysis and chemical reactions. Finally, we discuss challenges and trends of oxygen imaging in microfluidic systems.

No abstract