The effects of nutrients on the biological structure of brackish and freshwater lakes were compared. Quantitative analysis of late summer fish, zooplankton, mysid and macrophyte populations was undertaken in 20-36 shallow brackish lakes of various trophic states and the findings compared with a similar analysis of shallow freshwater lakes based on either sampling (fish) or existing data (zooplankton, mysids and macrophytes). Special emphasis was placed on differences in pelagic top-down control. Whereas the fish biomass (CPUE, multiple mesh-size gill nets) rose with increasing P-concentration in freshwater lakes, that of brackish lakes was markedly reduced at P-concentrations above ca. 0.4 mg P 1-' and there was a concomitant shift to exclusive dominance by the small sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pungitius pungitius); as a result, fish density remained relatively high. Mysids (Neomysis integer) were found at a salinity greater than 0.5%0 and increased substantially with increasing P-concentration, reaching levels as high as 13 ind. 1-'. This is in contrast to the carnivorous zooplankton of freshwater lakes, which are most abundant at intermediate P levels. The efficient algal controller, Daphnia was only found at a salinity below 2%° and N. integer in lakes with a salinity above 0.5%o. Above 2%o the filterfeeding zooplankton were usually dominated by the less efficient algal controllers Eurytemora and Acartia. In contrast to freshwater lakes, no shift to a clearwater state was found in eutrophic brackish lakes when submerged macrophytes became abundant. We conclude that predation pressure on zooplankton is higher and algal grazing capacity lower in brackish eutrophic-hypertrophic lakes than in comparable freshwater lakes, and that the differences in trophic structure of brackish and freshwater lakes have major implications for the measures available to reduce the recovery period following a reduction in nutrient loading. From the point of view of top-down control, the salinity threshold dividing freshwater and brackish lakes is much lower than the conventionally defined 5%o.

No abstract

No abstract

This retrospective long-term study analyzes the clinical function, failures, and radiographic status of 131 Richards Series 2 prostheses in total hip arthroplasties (THAs) performed during 1981 and 1982. After a minimum follow-up period of 11 years, the results were evaluated. Sixty two (54%) patients with 71 THAs were available for follow-up; 44 (38%) patients with 49 THAs had died. Three patients with three THAs were lost to follow-up, and seven patients with eight THAs were unable to participate in the examination due to causes not related to their present hip status. Ten patients underwent revision THA during the observation period. The median hip functional index (HFI) was 8.6 preoperatively and 15.8 at follow-up. Hip functional index correlated to radiographic signs of loosening. With revision as endpoint, the Kaplan-Meier survivorship for all 131 hips was 93% after 10 years and 91% after 12 years. The radiographic examination at follow-up revealed 5 (8%) definite loose cups and 12 (19%) definite loose stems. Including the number of aseptic loosened cups and stems confirmed at revision, aseptic loosening was found in 6% of all cups and 13% of all stems. This radiographic evaluation confirmed that lack of containment of the cup and varus position of the stem were factors influencing the long-term stability of the prostheses, whereas etiology, type of arthritis, and ectopic ossification did not. A fixation and stability score that was modified for cemented prostheses was developed and was of value in detecting the prostheses at risk. The long-term results of the Richards Series 2 THA are acceptable and comparable with other long-term studies on conventional prosthestic designs. Ten percent to 20% revision THAs due to aseptic loosening can be expected. In addition, patients younger than age 60 at surgery and especially men were found to belong to a high-risk group with regard to revision THA. These patients must be evaluated carefully so that revision THA can be performed before the bone bed is destroyed.

Mens der er tydelige forskelle mellem supervision og vejledning, er der også overlappende forhold. Supervision er oprindelig udviklet i de arenaer, hvor der foregår psykoterapeutisk behandling, og angives i både internatio­nale og nationale undersøgelser som værende et af de vigtigste bidrag til psykoterapeuters faglige udvikling og karrieremæssige udvikling (Rønne­stad & Orlinsky, 2005; Jacobsen & Nielsen, 2014). Vejledning er en indivi­duel eller kollektiv rådgivningsfunktion med det formål at støtte vejled-ningssøgende, typisk studerende, i at træffe egne beslutninger og udvikle egne faglige kompetencer. Supervision og vejledning kan samtidig siges at have det til fælles, at de begge beskæftiger sig med et mellemmenneskeligt forhold, hvor et bestemt emne, forløb eller udviklingsfokus er i centrum, og hvor rammer, muligheder, opfattelser af læring og refleksion samt forudsæt­ningerne for dette er væsentlige at forholde sig til.