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Dental caries is an infectious oral disease. The monitoring of caries region boundary, in regular intervals, is important for treatment purpose. To detect dental caries lesion, most of the time dentists use X-ray images. Due to human brain perception, sometimes it is difficult to detect the caries lesion accurately by observing the X-ray image manually. In this work, a framework has been proposed to detect caries lesion automatically within the optimum time. Almost all caries detection methods from the radiographic images apply iterative methods upon the entire image to separate initially suspected regions. Then, further processing is performed on the separated regions. This method reduced huge computation efforts by avoiding applying iterative methods upon the entire input image. This method transforms the input X-ray image into its equivalent neutrosophic domain to obtain initially suspected region. We have used a custom feature named 'weight' for neutrosophication. This feature is calculated by fusing other features differently. Once the initial region is detected, it is examined further to test whether there exists any iso-center rings like the catchment basin. This is the most important property of caries lesions. After the suspected region is confirmed as caries lesion, then the caries boundary is detected using active contour technique. The advantage of this system is that it avoids repetitive iterations at the time of suspected region selection using neutrosophication. Repetitive iterations upon the entire picture dimension are a time-consuming job. The performance of the proposed research work is satisfactory; the average accuracy is above 92%.

26Antibiotic, known as the magic bullet, was developed to control the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Efficacy of an antibiotic depends on its target site on bacteria. The current public health issue is the emergence of resistant bacterial strains against these drugs. The present study was undertaken to perform the routine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of eight laboratory isolates (Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp. and Listeria spp.) against eleven different categories of antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Cephradine, Metronidazole, Cefuroxime, Cefixime, Levofloxacin, Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin and Flucloxacillin) available in local markets of Dhaka metropolis. Among these antibiotics, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefuroxime, Levofloxacin and Doxycycline showed the highest potency against these bacteria. On the contrary, Amoxicillin and Metronidazole showed almost no potency. Erythromycin, Cephradine and Flucloxacillin gave variable effectivity against the tested isolates. These findings reveal that measures for prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance are necessary in Bangladesh.

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Dental caries is a common bacterial oral disease of teeth. Our mouth gets unhygienic due to the presence of carbohydrates, acid and bacteria. These destroy the enamel, dentine layer of the tooth. Streptococcus mutants are responsible for dental caries. As per World Health Organization report worldwide, 60-90% of school children and almost 100% of adults have dental caries. Dental caries and periodontal disease for long days without treatment causes tooth losses. Near future it will be an epidemic. It is a chronic disease that can affect us at any period of age. Recent research has indicated that there are possible links between oral infections and diabetes, heart, lung disease, stroke, and premature births. Hence early detection of dental caries in enamel would be very essential.Dentists generally use radiographs to detect dental caries. Frequently taken x-ray is harmful to human body. Unfortunately there is not a single method to detect caries in its early stage. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper is to identify the existing caries detection methods and find out its loopholes. Dental caries is most common oral infectious disease. It is painful and caused by Streptococcus mutants, acid and carbohydrates [1]. If dental caries remain untreated then it affects the root of the teeth and finally uprooted the teeth. Hence, if caries detected at its early stage then surgical interventions could be avoided. World Health organization (WHO) report reveals that 98% adult people and (60-90)% [2] of school children are suffering from dental caries.It is an infectious and chronic disease that can affect us at any age.Near future it will be an epidemic. Hence early caries detection is very essential. The reason behind dental caries is unhealthy oral condition and negligence of teeth caring like brushing at least twice in a day, wash full mouth after smoking etc. There are some general symptoms of dental caries like tooth pain, sensitivity due to hot 26. Dove SB. "Radiographic diagnosis of dental caries".