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Artificial maturation techniques, like hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) have demonstrated the ability to generate petroleum-like products, termed bio-oils, from feedstocks including manure, algae and agricultural wastes; however the oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur content of bio-oils often requires upgrading. The objective of this study was to utilize HTL on a low rank coal to produce a high quality crude oil sample that can be used as a transportation fuel. Coal from the WyodakAnderson coal seam was selected for HTL due to its predominant aliphatic character and low heteroatom content. HTL was performed at 360 °C for 72 hours. The untreated coal, spent solid and expelled oil were analyzed using several advance analytical techniques including solid-state 13 C NMR, two dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and electrospray ionizationFourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry to achieve a comprehensive molecular characterization. Solid state 13 C NMR analyses of the untreated and spent coal