The majority of genomic DNA in most plant species is made up of repetitive elements including satellites and retrotransposons. The maize genome is intermediate in size and abundance of repetitive elements between small genomes such as Arabidopsis and rice and larger genomes such as wheat. Although repetitive elements are present throughout the maize genome, individual families are non-randomly distributed along chromosomes. In this work we use fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) to examine the distribution of abundant LTR retroelement families and satellites contained in heterochromatic blocks called knobs. Different retroelement families have distinct patterns of hybridization. Prem1 and Tekay, two very closely related elements, both hybridize along the length of all chromosomes but do so with greater intensity near the centromeres, although subtle differences are detectable between the hybridization patterns. Opie, Prem2/Ji, and Huck are enriched away from the centromeres and Grande is distributed uniformly along the chromosomes. Double labeling with proximally and distally enriched elements on pachytene chromosomes produces alternating blocks of element enrichment. The maize elements hybridized in the same general patterns to chromosomes of maize relatives including Zea diploperennis and Tripsacum dactyloides. Additionally, abundant Tripsacum LTR retroelements are enriched in similar chromosomal regions among the different species. The 180 bp knob satellite is present in large blocks at interstitial locations on chromosome arms. With long exposures, smaller sites of hybridization are detected at the ends of chromosomes, adjacent to the telomere tract. This distal position for knob satellites is conserved among Zea and Tripsacum species.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of a student-run clinic on the diversification of a medical student class. We distributed a two-page, 20-item, paper survey to students of the University of Missouri School of Medicine (MU SOM) class of 2015 in July of 2011. The survey gathered information on general demographics, opinions on the importance of medical education opportunities, and opinions on the importance of medical school characteristics in applying to and attending MU SOM. A total of 104 students responded to the survey. A majority of the students identified the MedZou Community Health Clinic, a student-run, free health clinic affiliated with MU SOM, and simulated-patient encounters as important educational experiences (81% and 94%, respectively). More than half of the self-identified "non-white" students reported MedZou as an important factor in their choice to apply to (60%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 32 to 88) and attend (71%; 95% CI, 44 to 98) MU SOM, over half of the females reported MedZou as important in their choice to apply (59%; 95% CI, 43 to 76) and attend (57%; 95% CI, 40 to 74), and over half of non-Missouri residents reported MedZou as important in their choice to apply (64%; 95% CI, 36 to 93) and attend (71%; 95% CI, 44 to 98). According to the above results, it can be said that students clearly value both MedZou and simulated-patient encounters as important educational experiences. Women, minorities, and non-Missouri residents value MedZou more highly than their peers who are First Year Medical Students who are Missouri residents, suggesting that MedZou may provide a promising opportunity to advance diversity within MU SOM. These results highlight the need for additional research to further explore MedZou's potential to enhance the recruitment of a diverse medical student class.

As a medical  student, I observed that different physicians had strikingly different attitudes and approaches when caring for patients. The care of one patient in particular continues to challenge my understanding of illness and moral responsibility in the practice of medicine. In this paper, I illustrate the care of this patient in order to evaluate the dominant ethics I was taught in medical school, in theory and in practice, and argue neither principlism nor the ethics of care fully captures the moral responsibility of physicians. Emphasising fidelity to the healing relationship, a core principle derived from Pellegrino's virtue theory, I conclude that this approach to clinical ethics fully explains physician responsibility. Pellegrino deconstructs the practice of medicine to clarify the moral event within the clinical encounter and offers a sufficiently useful and justified approach to patient care.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ultrasound abnormalities in the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and plantar fascia among a large cohort of collegiate student-athletes. Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Setting: Three Division I institutions. Participants: 243 student-athletes participated in this study. Exclusion criteria included those younger than 18 years or who underwent prior surgery/amputation of structures, including anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) surgeries with patellar tendon grafts. Interventions: Ultrasound examination of the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and plantar fascia of each leg was performed. An experienced sonographer reviewed each tendon video in a blinded manner, with a separate experienced sonographer separately reviewing to establish inter-rater reliability. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measured was the presence of any sonographic abnormality including hypoechogenicity, thickening, or neovascularity. Results: Ultrasound abnormalities were identified in 10.1%, 37.2%, and 3.9% of all Achilles tendons, patellar tendons, and plantar fasciae, respectively. Abnormalities were significantly associated with the presence of concurrent pain for all structures (P < 0.01). Specifically, athletes with sonographic abnormalities were approximately 4 times [relative risk (RR) = 4.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.05-8.84], 6 times (RR = 5.69; 95% CI, 2.31-14.00), and 5 times (RR = 5.17; 95% CI, 1.76-15.25) more likely to self-report pain in the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and plantar fascia, respectively. Conclusions: This multi-institutional study completed at 3 Division I institutions is the largest study of its kind to identify the prevalence of sonographic abnormalities in the Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and plantar fascia among collegiate student-athletes of various sports.