Colour changes in Gradia Direct™ composite after immersion in tea, coffee, red wine, Coca-Cola, Colgate mouthwash, and distilled water were evaluated using principal component analysis (PCA) and the CIELAB colour coordinates. The reflection spectra of the composites were used as input data for the PCA. The output data (scores and loadings) provided information about the magnitude and origin of the surface reflection changes after exposure to the staining solutions. The reflection spectra of the stained samples generally exhibited lower reflection in the blue spectral range, which was manifested in the lower content of the blue shade for the samples. Both analyses demonstrated the high staining abilities of tea, coffee, and red wine, which produced total colour changes of 4.31, 6.61, and 6.22, respectively, according to the CIELAB analysis. PCA revealed subtle changes in the reflection spectra of composites immersed in Coca-Cola, demonstrating Coca-Cola’s ability to stain the composite to a small degree.

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A solvent‐vapor transport route produces centimeter‐sized single‐crystal red phosphors. The epitaxial growth route to yield its core–shell structure at ambient temperature was adopted. These red phosphors could be applied in all‐inorganic WLED devices. Cs2TiF6:Mn4+ (CTFM) single crystal provides enhancement of quantum efficiency, moisture resistance, and thermal stability compared to polycrystalline powders. The internal quantum efficiency can reach as high as 98.7 %. To further improve waterproof stability, the Cs2TiF6 (CTF) shell with tunable thickness has been epitaxially grown on the CTFM single crystal surface and a unique three‐step photoluminescence intensity evolution mechanism has been proposed. By combining as‐prepared CTFM@CTF core–shell structured single crystal, YAG:Ce single crystal and blue‐chip, warm WLEDs with excellent color rendition (Ra=90, R9=94), low correlated color temperature (CCT=3155 K), and high luminous efficacy were fabricated without any organic resins.

TiO 2 powders with different specific surface area were prepared using reproducible, sol-gel synthetic route and their ability to form hybrids with catechol and 5-amino salicylic acid was compared with the commercially available Degussa P25 TiO 2 powder. Microstructural characterization involving transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms indicated that TiO 2 samples cover reasonably wide size and/or specific surface area range (50-115 m 2 /g). The surface modification of TiO 2 powders with catechol and 5-amino salicylic acid induced significant shift of absorption to the visible spectral region due to charge transfer complex formation. It should be emphasized that tunable optical properties of TiO 2 in powder form have never been reported in the literature. The largest red M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 2 shift of the absorption onset was observed for sample with the largest specific surface area upon surface modification with both ligands. The binding of the modifier molecules to the surface Ti atoms was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

AA genotype of rs165774 could be a significant risk factor for the development of TMD and TMD pain, while AA genotype of rs6269 presents less postoperative chronic TMD pain and acute pain at a dental extraction site.