There has recently been an increased use of anti-freezing agents that are primarily composed of salt- and alkali-free calcium nitrite (Ca(NO2)2) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) to promote the hydration reaction of concrete in cold weather concreting. Nitrite–nitrate based accelerators accelerate the hydration of C3A and C3S in cement more quickly when their quantities are increased, thereby boosting the concrete’s early strength and effectively preventing early frost damage. However, the connection between the hydrate formation behavior and the strength development characteristic over time has yet to be clearly identified. Therefore, in this study, a wide range of physicochemical reviews were carried out to clarify the relationship between the hydrate formation behavior and the strength development characteristics, both at an early age and at later ages, which results from the addition of nitrite–nitrate based accelerators to concrete in varying amounts. These accelerators also act as anti-freezing agents. The results show that an increased quantity of nitrite–nitrate based accelerators caused an increase in the early strength of the concrete. This was due to the formation of nitrite and nitrate hydrates in large amounts, in addition to ettringite containing SO42, which is generated during the hydration reaction of normal Portland cement at an early age. On the other hand, at later ages, there was a rise in nitrite and nitrate hydrates with needle crystal structures exhibiting brittle fracture behavior. A decrease in C–S–H gel and Ca(OH)2 hydrates, deemed to have caused a decline in strength on Day 3 and thereafter, was also observed.

This study investigated the physical properties of section-restoration mortar with calcium nitrite (Ca(NO2)2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) nanobubble mixing water to develop materials and methods for the repair and reinforcement of cracks in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. As the calcium nitrite content increased, the generation rate and generated amount of nitrite-based hydration products also increased, owing to the rapid reaction between NO2− ions in calcium nitrite and C3A(Al2O3). Further, the reaction with C3S and C2S was accelerated, thereby increasing the generation rates of Ca(OH)2 and C-S-H. The large amount of Ca2+ ions in these hydration products reacted with CO32− ions in CO2 nanobubble water, thereby increasing the generation of calcite-based CaCO3 in the cement matrix. This appears to have affected strength development and durability improvement via the densification of the structure. These results suggest that the performance of polymer cement mortar for repairing concrete structures can be improved if calcium nitrite and CO2 nanobubble water are properly combined and applied.

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In this study, by applying the developed formwork automation design software to three target structures, we reviewed the applicability of the formwork automation design software for the aluminum formwork. To apply the formwork automation design software, we built an aluminum formwork library based on the conversion of two-dimensional (2D) computer-aided design (CAD) data to three-dimensional building information modeling data for all the components of the aluminum formwork. The results of the automated formwork layout on the target structures using the formwork automation design software confirmed that the wall and deck members were laid out by the set algorithm according to the formwork size and direction. However, because of the limited functionality of the software, the level of completion of the formwork layout was found to be lower than that of the manual formwork layout based on 2D CAD data. The currently developed software is based on a simple algorithm, but has a drawback in that the automated layout is limited to only some of its members. Therefore, additional research should be conducted on the development of advanced software through the diversification of the algorithm, automation of preprocessing of the mesh, and analysis of the relationships of all the members comprising the formwork.

In this study, the shrinkage and durability of environmental load-reducing fiber-reinforced polymer cement mortar (FRPCM) were examined by using silicone oil. The results indicated that the shrinkage can be greatly reduced by adding silicone oil. However, when the silicone oil is added in excess, it affects the strength and durability. Therefore, it is possible to obtain the ECO-FRPCM which gives the effect of reducing the shrinkage and maintaining the strength and durability by adding 3% of silicone oil. From the viewpoint of shrinkage reduction, the use of silicone oil is effective as a substitute for an expansive additive or shrinkage reducing agent used in ECO-FRPCM. Also, by appropriately using silicone oil in combination with an expansive additive or a shrinkage reducing agent, shrinkage can be effectively reduced as compared with the conventional ECO-FRPCM. However, when the silicone oil and the shrinkage reducing agent are used in combination, the shrinkage cannot be efficiently reduced. It is considered that the combination of silicone oil and shrinkage reducing agent influences the mutual shrinkage reduction mechanism, but this needs to be further examined in the future.