Electricity-saving strategies are an essential solution to overcoming increasing global CO2 emission and electricity consumption problems; therefore, the determinant factors of electricity consumption in households need to be assessed. Most previous studies were conducted in developed countries of subtropical regions that had different household characteristic factors from those in developing countries of tropical regions. A field survey was conducted on electricity consumption for Malaysian households to investigate the factors affecting electricity consumption that focused on technology perspective (building and appliance characteristics) and socio-economic perspective (socio-demographics and occupant behaviour). To analyse the determinant factors of electricity consumption, direct and indirect questionnaire surveys were conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 among 214 university students. Direct questionnaire surveys were performed in order to obtain general information that is easily answered by respondents. On the other hand, some questions such as electricity consumption and detailed information of appliances must be confirmed by the respondents’ parents or other household members through an indirect questionnaire survey. The results from multiple linear regression analyses of the survey responses showed that appliance characteristic factors were the main variables influencing electricity consumption and house characteristics were the least significant. Specifically, air conditioners, fluorescent lamps, and flat-screen TVs emerged as appliances with the most significant effect on electricity consumption. Occupant behaviour factors had a more significant influence than socio-demographic factors. The findings in this study can be used by policymakers to develop electricity-saving strategies in Malaysia.

The residential sector was one of the contributors to the increase in the world energy consumption and CO2 emission due to the increase population, economic development, and improved living standard. Developing a reliable model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors was challenging since many assumptions need to be considered. Over the past decade, bottom-up approaches such as multi-linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and conditional demand analysis were used for developing mathematical models to investigate interrelated characteristics among techno-socio economic factors. However, the existing models mostly were focused on countries that had different socio-economic level and cultures from the developing countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Similar studies in that tropical region were very scarce and only limited for linear modelling under the conditions of techno-socio economic factors. In this study, we proposed ANN for developing a model of electrical energy consumption based on techno-socio economic factors for a tropical region, Malaysia. In order to develop the model, quantitative measurement and qualitative assessment were required. The quantitative measurement was based on the monitoring of total electrical energy consumption with a one-minute interval. In contrast, the qualitative assessment utilized a questionnaire survey to assess household characteristics based on techno-socio economic parameters. The objective of this paper was to propose a conceptual framework of the estimation model for household electrical energy consumption with the consideration of techno-socio economic factors using ANN.

Energy-saving strategies are required to address the increasing global CO2 and electrical energy consumption problems. Therefore, the determinant factors of electrical energy consumption consist of socio-demographic changes, occupant behavior, house and appliance characteristics, or so-called techno-socioeconomic factors, which all need to be assessed. Statistics models, such as the artificial neural network (ANN), can investigate the relationship among those factors. However, the previous ANN model only used limited factors and was conducted in the developed countries of subtropical regions with different determinant factors than those in the developing countries of tropical regions. Furthermore, the previous studies did not investigate the various impacts of techno-socioeconomic factors concerning the performance of the ANN model in estimating monthly electrical energy consumption. The current study develops a model with a more-in depth architecture by examining the effect of additional factors such as socio-demographics, house characteristics, occupant behavior, and appliance characteristics that have not been investigated concerning the model performance. Thus, a questionnaire survey was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 with 214 university students. The best combination factors in explaining the monthly electrical energy consumption were developed from occupant behavior, with 81% of the variance and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 20.6%, which can be classified as a reasonably accurate model. The current study’s findings could be used as additional information for occupants or for companies who want to install photovoltaic or wind energy systems.

<p>Distribusi transfer kalor yang seragam pada bagian <em>moulding </em>dari mesin <em>rubber press </em>sangat penting untuk menghasilkan hasil <em>moulded </em>produk yang berkualitas terbaik. Pada kenyataannya, transfer kalor pada <em>moulding</em> dari mesin <em>rubber press </em>tidak terdistribusi secara seragam. Oleh karena itu, transfer kalor pada <em>moulding </em>dari mesin perlu dievaluasi. Sebagian besar penelitian sebelumnya hanya mempertimbangkan transfer kalor secara konduksi pada <em>moulding </em>sementara itu tidak ada studi yang menginvestigasi transfer kalor secara konvensi dan radiasi yang hampir terjadi pada seluruh tipe mesin <em>rubber press </em>dengan tipe <em>moulding </em>yang terbuka. Metode elemen hingga digunakan untuk menganalisis distribusi temperatur berdasarkan transfer kalor secara konduksi dan metode analitik dipakai untuk menghitung transfer kalor secara radiasi dan konveksi pada <em>moulding </em>dari mesin <em>rubber press</em>. Hasil dari metode elemen hingga menunjukkan bahwa temperatur tinggi hanya terjadi pada bagian <em>boundary </em>sementara bagian pusat dari <em>moulding </em>menunjukkan temperatur yang lebih rendah. Temperatur pada bagian <em>boundary </em>bervariasi sebesar 124.3^oC, 124.4 ^oC, 124.5^oC, 124.8, 125.3^oC, 126.5^oC, 129.2^oC, dan 134.8^oC. Transfer kalor secara konveksi dan radiasi pada <em>moulding </em>sebesar 13.3 kW dan 68.23 kW. Perbedaan antara pengukuran langsung dan simulasi menggunakan metode elemen hingga diakibatkan adanya asumsi <em>steady state </em>pada model simulasi. Penelitian selanjutnya sebaiknya mempertimbangkan kondisi <em>transient</em> pada transfer kalor secara konduksi dan <em>view factor</em> yang lebih bervariasi pada transfer kalor secara konveksi dan radiasi.</p>