Cendawan Dark Septate Endophyte (DSE) adalah sekelompok cendawan endofit yang memiliki hifa melanin gelap, membentuk koloni berwarna gelap pada media agar dan mampu mengkolonisasi akar tanaman tanpa menyebabkan gejala penyakit. Belum ada laporan yang berkaitan dengan peran cendawan DSE sebagai agens pengendali penyakit akar putih, khususnya di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan isolat DSE dari Indonesia dengan cara menseleksi isolat cendawan DSE yang berpotensi sebagai agensia hayati penyakit akar putih pada tanaman karet. Tahapan awal dari penelitian adalah isolasi cendawan DSE dari akar dan tanah di sekitar perakaran karet, uji patogensitas, uji dual culture dan uji metabolit senyawa volatil. Dalam penelitian ini, diperoleh lima isolat cendawan DSE APDS 3.2, TBMDS 2.4b, TMDS 2.1, TMDS 3.2 dan SBTBMDS 1 yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Rigidoporus microporus penyebab penyakit jamur akar putih pada tanaman karet. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa isolat cendawan DSE bisa diisolasi dari akar tanaman karet dan berpotensi sebagai agensia hayati Rigidoporus microporus penyebab penyakit jamur akar putih pada tanaman karet. Penelitian selanjutnya akan dilakukan pengujian lapangan dan diharapkan hasil dari penelitian ini akan memberikan informasi awal tentang peran cendawan DSE pada tanaman karet dalam mengatasi cekaman biotik yang disebabkan oleh cendawan pathogen.
Dieback diseases are often found attacking jabon seedlings in the nursery and potentially lead to seedling deaths. This study was aimed to obtain and identify the fungal isolates associated with dieback disease of jabon seedlings and determine the causative pathogens of dieback diseases. 25 fungal were isolated from diseased seedlings, consisted of Botryodiplodia spp., Fusarium spp., Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., and sterile mycelia. The suspected fungus as the cause of dieback diseases on jabon seedlings were Botryodiplodia spp.
<p align="center">ABSTRAK</p><p>Penyakit busuk pucuk vanili (BPV) merupakan salah satu penyakit penting vanili yang berpotensi mengurangi produksi vanili di Indonesia. Penyakit BPV di Indonesia umumnya merusak pembibitan, namun akibat perubahan iklim yang ekstrim, serangan penyakit BPV pada tanaman vanili dewasa di kebun mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui keefektifan <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. dan Fusarium non patogenik (FusNP) dalam mengendalikan penyakit BPV di kebun vanili. Penelitian lapangan dilakukan di KP Sukamulya, Sukabumi mulai November 2015 - Juli 2016. Pengujian residu fungisida sintetik dilakukan di Laboratorium Residu Bahan Agrokimia Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian, Laladon Bogor. Penelitian terdiri atas lima perlakuan yaitu pemberian substrat <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. (T), penyemprotan suspensi konidia FusNP (F), kombinasi <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. dan FusNP (TF), fungisida sintetik mancozeb (M) dan kontrol (K). Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK), tiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak lima kali. Variabel yang diamati adalah gejala dan keparahan penyakit, curah hujan, dan residu fungisida sintetik. Data dianalisis dengan Uji Tukey pada selang kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa <em>Trichoderma</em> sp. dan FusNP cukup efektif mengendalikan penyakit BPV di lapangan, setara dengan keefektifan fungisida sintetik yaitu kejadian penyakit berkisar 2 - 5%, sedangkan kontrol mencapai 32%. Perkembangan penyakit BPV dipengaruhi oleh curah hujan, semakin tinggi curah hujan semakin tinggi intensitas serangan penyakit BPV. Penggunaan fungisida sintetik secara intensif menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan berupa residu pestisida pada daun, buah, dan tanah rizosfer vanili..</p><p>Kata kunci: busuk pucuk vanili,<em> Phytophthora. capsici</em>, agens hayati.</p><p> </p><p align="center">ABSTRACT</p><p>Vanilla shoot rot disease (VSR) is one of important disease that potentially reduces Indonesia’s vanilla production. The VSR disease is prevalently developing in the nursery, but due to the extreme climate change, the disease occurrence in the garden has increased recently. A present study was aimed to assess the effectiveness of <em>Trichoderma </em>sp<em>.</em> and non-pathogenic Fusarium (NPF) in controlling the VSR disease in the garden. An experiment was conducted in a vanilla garden at KP Sukamulya, Sukabumi November 2015 - July 2016. The study consisted of five treatments that were application of <em>Trichoderma </em>sp<em>.</em> substrate (T) onto the vanilla tips, spraying the conidial suspension of FusNP (F), a combine application of <em>Trichoderma </em>sp<em>.</em> and FusNP (TF), synthetic fungicide mancozeb (M) and the control (K). The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design, replicated five times each. The variables measured were the incidence and severity of VSR diseases monthly, residue of synthetic fungicides and rainfall. The results showed that application of <em>Trichoderma sp.</em> sp. and NPF reduced the disease severity of VSR 3 % and 5 % respectively than the one of control. While the fungicide application was 3% lower than the control. The VSR disease progress is affected significantly by rainfall period. </p><p>Keyword: vanilla shoot rot disease<sup>, </sup><em>Phytophthora capsici. </em>Bioagent.</p>
Sengon is commonly developed by community forest farmers because it is a fast-growing species and the demand for wood is quite high. The development of sengon is constrained by the attack of gall rust disease caused by the fungus Uromycladium falcatarium. Efforts to obtain disease-resistant plants can be done through mutation breeding, one of which is using gamma rays. This study aims to assess the resistance of M1 generation sengon to gall rust disease. Sengon seeds were irradiated using gamma rays at doses of 0, 25, 75, 125, and 175 Gy. Sengon seeds that had been irradiated were germinated and sown for up to 2 months of age. Inoculation of U. falcatarium fungus was carried out on sengon seedlings M1 (1st generation mutant) and M0 (control) generations, at 2 months old. The number of seeds used in each dose was five seeds with four replications. This study used a randomized block design (RBD). Observation on seedlings were disease severity, mortality rate, and resistance of seedlings to gall rust disease. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and then analysis of the least significant difference (LSD) was carried out at a level of 5%. The results showed that the dose of gamma irradiation had a significant effect on the severity of gall rust disease at 17, 27, and 37 days after isolation (DAI). The resistance levels of the M0 and M1 generations of sengon seedlings (doses of 25, 75, and 125 Gy) from 7 – 37 DAI were in the very resistant-moderately susceptible category, while the M1 seedlings with a dose of 175 Gy tended to be very resistant-resistant.Keywords: gall rust, gamma irradiation, mutation breeding. AbstrakSengon umum dikembangkan petani hutan rakyat karena termasuk jenis cepat tumbuh dan permintaan kayunya cukup tinggi. Pengembangan sengon terkendala dengan adanya serangan penyakit karat tumor yang disebabkan oleh jamur Uromycladium falcatarium. Upaya untuk memperoleh tanaman yang tahan penyakit dapat dilakukan melalui pemuliaan mutasi, salah satunya dengan sinar gamma. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaji ketahanan sengon generasi M1 terhadap penyakit karat tumor. Benih sengon diiradiasi menggunakan sinar gamma dengan dosis 0, 25, 75, 125, dan 175 Gy. Benih sengon yang telah diiradiasi dikecambahkan dan dipelihara hingga umur 2 bulan. Inokulasi jamur U. falcatarium dilakukan pada bibit sengon generasi M1 (mutan generasi ke-1) dan M0 (kontrol) berumur 2 bulan. Jumlah bibit yang digunakan pada masing-masing dosis sebanyak 5 bibit dengan empat kali ulangan. Penelitian ini disusun dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Pengamatan bibit meliputi keparahan penyakit, tingkat kematian, dan resistensi bibit terhadap penyakit karat tumor. Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam dan kemudian dilakukan analisis beda nyata terkecil (BNT) dengan taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkaan bahwa dosisi iradiasi sinar gamma berpengaruh nyata terhadap keparahan penyakit karat tumor pada 17, 27, dan 37 HSI. Tingkat resistensi bibit sengon generasi M0 dan M1 (dosis 25, 75, dan 125 Gy) dari 7 – 37 HSI masuk dalam kategori sangat resisten-cukup rentan, sedangkan bibit sengon M1 dengan dosis 175 Gy cenderung sangat resisten-resisten.Kata kunci: karat tumor, iradiasi sinar gamma, pemuliaan mutasi.
Botryodiplodia spp. potentially cause dieback disease on jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq) seedlings. Five isolates of Botryodiplodia spp were inoculated on jabon seedling to find out its virulence levels, mechanism of pathogen attack and mechanism of host plant defense. The virulence levels was estimated by disease severity of host plants; the pathogen attack mechanism was done by measuring pectinase and cellulase enzyme activities; whereas host plant defense mechanism was determined by measuring peroxidase enzyme activity. The virulent isolates caused disease severity > 50%. Botryodiplodia sp1, Botryodiplodia sp2, and Botryodiplodia sp3 showed pectinase activities of 21.31; 18.13; 26.08 U/ml, and cellulase 0.014; 0.015; 0.023 U/ml, respectively. The peroxidase activity of host plants after pathogen inoculated was ranging from 0.0006 to 0.0012 UAE/g. Based on this research, three Botryodiplodia spp. isolates were virulent on jabon seedlings and involved enzymatic strength as attack mechanism, whereas the host plant defense mechanism involved peroxidase activity.Key words: Dieback, host defense, pathogen attack ABSTRAK Isolat Botryodiplodia spp. berpotensi menyebabkan penyakit mati pucuk pada bibit jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq). Lima isolat Botryodiplodia spp. diinokulasikan terhadap bibit jabon untuk menentukan tingkat virulensi isolat, mengetahui mekanisme infeksi patogen dan mekanisme pertahanan tanaman inang. Tingkat virulensi isolat ditentukan melalui nilai keparahan penyakit pada tanaman inang; mekanisme infeksi patogen dilakukan melalui pengukuran aktivitas enzim pektinase dan selulase; sedangkan mekanisme pertahanan tanaman inang dilakukan melalui pengukuran aktivitas enzim peroksidase. Isolat Botryodiplodia spp. yang virulen menghasilkan keparahan penyakit > 50%. Isolat-isolat tersebut adalah Botryodiplodia sp. 1, Botryodiplodia sp. 2, dan Botryodiplodia sp. 3 yang secara berturut-turut menunjukkan aktivitas pektinase sebesar 21,31; 18,13; 26,08 U/ml, dan aktivitas selulase sebesar 0,014; 0,015; 0,023 U/ml. Adapun aktivitas peroksidase tanaman inang setelah diinokulasi patogen, yaitu berkisar 0,0006-0,0012 UAE/g. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, tiga isolat Botryodiplodia spp. bersifat virulen terhadap bibit jabon dan melibatkan kekuatan enzim sebagai mekanisme infeksi, sedangkan mekanisme pertahanan inang melibatkan aktivitas peroksidase.Kata kunci: Infeksi patogen, mati pucuk, pertahanan inang
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