Risk of type 1 diabetes at 3 years is high for initially multiple and single Ab+ IT and multiple Ab+ NT. Genetic predisposition, age, and male sex are significant risk factors for development of Ab+ in twins.

mation of the larynx. Future studies are planned to assess long-term biocompatibility and functioning of the electrode.Significance: While these results are preliminary, they lay the foundation for future research. This technique offers the potential to aid restoration of vocal fold movement in patients with a paralyzed vocal cord and intact recurrent laryngeal nerve.

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While epistaxis is common, the lack of a validated animal model has limited the pre-clinical evaluation of new therapies. We developed a standardized porcine epistaxis model and evaluated the hemostatic effects of octylcyanoacrylate (OCA).Methods: A variety of methods of creating nasal septal mucosal wounds were evaluated on one pig, of which only a surgical punch was found to be reliable. Two standardized full-thickness wounds were then created over the anterior-inferior portion of the nasal septae of each of 6 pigs using a 4-mm surgical punch. The time to hemostasis was determined for nontreated control wounds and those treated with a topical OCA formulation. The animals were then fully heparinized and 2 additional wounds were created in each animal, one of which was immediately treated with OCA while the other was allowed to bleed for 10 minutes and then treated with octylcyanoacrylate. Wounds were observed for 24 hours to determine rates of re-bleeding.Results: The total number of punch wounds created was 24, half of which were created after full heparinization. The mean time (SD) from injury to hemostasis in control wounds was 4 minutes, 19 (23) seconds. Complete and sustained hemostasis was achieved in all wounds treated with OCA. The mean time (SD) from injury to hemostasis in wounds treated with OCA was 123 (112) and 101 (117) seconds with and without prior heparinization, respectively, both of which were significantly faster than control wounds. Prior heparinization had no effect on time to hemostasis in treated wounds (t test, P ϭ 0.89). In many cases, hemostasis was observed immediately with OCA application. None of the wounds required more than 3 applications of OCA.Conclusion: Topical OCA is an effective hemostatic therapy for epistaxis.Significance: We describe a simple and reproducible animal epistaxis model and demonstrate that OCA is effective in achieving hemostasis in this model.Support: This project was not funded.

sequential changes in their crude estimates when placed under the scrutiny of a sensitivity analysis.Conclusion: SDB is a significant and complex problem in children that has generated much controversy. Despite the methodologic shortcomings, every study suggested a link between SDB in children and daytime behavior problems or poor academic performance. However, when factoring in the quality of the evidence of these associations, there is less certainty for causality. Further study is needed to develop a more detailed understanding of this question.Significance: This study demonstrates fundamental faults in study design of the literature that associates the effects of SDB on cognition and behavior. Increasing the quality of the evidence would improve study homogeneity and allow for identification of patterns and sources of disagreement in the literature. Epidemiologically sound methodology of future study could direct efforts toward identifying long-term neurocognitive consequences of SDB and potentially benefit many children.Support: None reported.