The compositional and functional role of the endophytic bacterial community, associated with black scented rice, in correlation with its antioxidant property has been elucidated. Community dissimilarity analysis confirmed the overlapping of community in shoot and root tissues at the young stage, but not in mature plants. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum, in which Agrobacterium, Pleomorphomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Novasphingobium, Caulobacter were the most abundant genera, followed by Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes in all three different varieties of the black rice. The antioxidant activity of mature plants was found to be higher in comparison to young plants. Intrinsically, the relative abundance of Pleomorphomonas and Streptomyces was positively correlated with total phenol content, while Gemmata, unclassified Pirellulaceae, unclassified Stramenopiles positively correlated with total flavonoid content and negatively correlated with Free radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, functional metagenome analysis of the endophytic microbiome revealed that naringenin -3-dioxygenase and anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase for phenylpropanoid (flavonoid and anthocyanin) synthesis were abundant in the endophytic microbiome of mature plants. Specific enrichment of the antioxidant producing genes in the mature plant endophytic microbiome was assigned to some bacteria such as Streptomyces, Pantoea which might have contributed to the common pathway of flavonoid synthesis. The genomes of endophytic isolates Kluyvera sp.PO2S7, Bacillus subtilis AMR1 and Enterobacter sp. SES19 were sequenced and annotated, and were found to have genes for phenylpropanoid synthesis in their genomes.

Canavalia gladiata is a perennial ethnomedicinal climber food plant found throughout the World. It shows many therapeutic properties which can be utilized for the treatment against many human diseases. In this review, we surveyed the recent findings on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of Canavalia gladiata. The objective of this is to provide detail analysis on active compounds present in this species and to provide information regarding its pharmacological activities on human diseases and safety. Its bioactive compounds possess outstanding pharmacological properties like hemagglutianting activity, HIV-I inhibition, antimicrobial, antiproliferative, hepatoprotective, ROS- inhibitor, anti-cancer and anti-diabetic properties has been studied. The chemical constituents, pharmacological activities and therapeutic studies of C. gladiata showed a promising medicinal plant with various chemical compounds and numerous pharmacological activities. Keywords: Pharmacological activities, Therapeutics, Bioactive compounds, Canavalia gladiata.

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Background: Endophytic bacterial community of plant helps in plant growth and health. However, compositional and functional responses of bacterial endophyte communities in black rice and its correlation with antioxidant property are still not understood. Black scented rice, Chakhao ( Oryza sativa L.) is important for its unique fragrance, high antioxidant and anthocyanin content. Here, the compositional and functional role of the endophytic bacterial community, associated with black scented rice - Chakhao ( Oryza sativa L.) at young and mature stage of plant growth, in correlation with antioxidant property has been elucidated.Result: Bray–Curtis community dissimilarity analysis confirmed overlapping of community in shoot and root tissues at the young stage, but not in mature plants. Proteobacteria was found to be the most dominant phyla, and along with Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes, it dominated the core endospheric microbiome. The genera Agrobacterium, Pleomorphomonas, Bradyrhizobium, Novasphingobium, Caulobacter, Devosia were the most abundant. The antioxidant activity of mature stage plants was found to be higher in comparison to young plants. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was found to be highest in root of Sempak variety (89.06 µg GAE/g). The relative abundance of Pleomorphomonas was positively correlated with TPC, while Gemmata , Unclassified Pirellulaceae , Unclassified Stramenopiles positively correlated with total flavonoid content (TFC). Accordingly, functional metagenome analysis of the endophytic microbiome revealed that few unique genes (naringenin-3-dioxygenase and anthocyanidin-3-O-glucosyltransferases) for flavonoid and anthocyanin synthesis were abundant in mature stage of plant development. Specific enrichment of the antioxidant producing genes in the mature plant endophytic microbiome was assigned to bacteria such as Streptomyces, Pantoea and Bradyrhizobium , which might have contributed to the common pathway of flavonoid synthesis. Conclusion: This study allows us to recognize the linkage between the endophytic bacterial community dynamics and antioxidant activity of scented black rice plant and its comparative account at young and mature stages of growth.

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