The bioreactor volume delineating the selection of primary clarification technology is not always easily defined. Development of a commercial scale process for the manufacture of therapeutic proteins requires scale-up from a few liters to thousands of liters. While the separation techniques used for protein purification are largely conserved across scales, the separation techniques for primary cell culture clarification vary with scale. Process models were developed to compare monoclonal antibody production costs using two cell culture clarification technologies. One process model was created for cell culture clarification by disc stack centrifugation with depth filtration. A second process model was created for clarification by multi-stage depth filtration. Analyses were performed to examine the influence of bioreactor volume, product titer, depth filter capacity, and facility utilization on overall operating costs. At bioreactor volumes <1,000 L, clarification using multi-stage depth filtration offers cost savings compared to clarification using centrifugation. For bioreactor volumes >5,000 L, clarification using centrifugation followed by depth filtration offers significant cost savings. For bioreactor volumes of 2,000 L, clarification costs are similar between depth filtration and centrifugation. At this scale, factors including facility utilization, available capital, ease of process development, implementation timelines, and process performance characterization play an important role in clarification technology selection. In the case study presented, a multi-product facility selected multi-stage depth filtration for cell culture clarification at the 500 and 2,000 L scales of operation. Facility implementation timelines, process development activities, equipment commissioning and validation, scale-up effects, and process robustness are examined.
In an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant, each fusion micro-explosion (~10 Hz) causes thermal and structural loads on the IFE reactor wall and driver optics. The loading on the wall must remain sufficiently low to ensure that economic and safety constraints are met.One proposed method for decreasing the intensity of the wall loading is to fill the reaction chamber with a gas, such as Xe, at low density. The gas will absorb much of the radiation and ion energy from the fusion event, and then slowly release it to the chamber wall.
In this third part of a series of articles (
Introduction: Les médecins sont responsables de la santé de tous les patients, mais les étudiants en médecine reçoivent une formation inadéquate en ce qui a trait aux besoins de soins de santé des patients LGBTQ (lesbienne, gai, bisexuel, trans et queer) [1]. Les enjeux culturels et la terminologie appropriée sont également trop peu abordés au cours de la formation. Les pratiques de soins de santé qui ne font pas preuve d'inclusion risquent d'aliéner les patients et de perpétuer les obstacles aux soins de santé pour les personnes de minorités sexuelles et de genre [2]. Méthodes: En 2013, des étudiants en médecine ont créé la conférence Inclusive Health (santé inclusive) afin de combler ce manque éducationnel. Des experts ont été invités à présenter un curriculum qui incluait des désordres de développement sexuel, la prophylaxie préexposition contre le VIH, les soins aux patients transgenres, et l'élaboration de pratiques inclusives. Des patients ayant volontairement déclaré leur appartenance à une minorité sexuelle ont également été invités à partager leurs expériences. À la suite de ces sé-ances, les professionnels de la santé et les étudiants ont rempli un sondage sur leurs connaissances et leur niveau de confort dans la prestation des soins de santé aux personnes LGBTQ. Résultats: La majorité des personnes interrogées ont affirmé « mieux comprendre les problèmes de santé des personnes LGBTQ » (moyenne de 4,39 en 2015, n = 41 ; moyenne de 4,31 en 2016, n = 52), « mieux comprendre les enjeux sociaux liés à la prestation des soins de santé aux personnes LGBTQ » (moyenne de 4,32 en 2015, n = 41 ; moyenne de 4,31 en 2016, n = 52) et « se sentir plus à l'aise d'explorer et de discuter de ces problèmes avec les personnes LGBTQ » (moyenne de 4,43 en 2015, n = 41 ; moyenne de 4,17 en 2016, n = 52). Conclusions: En se fondant sur les résultats du sondage, la conférence s'est avérée efficace pour contrer une omission importante dans les curriculums médicaux. En outre, la conférence a attiré l'attention sur cet important problème, a mené à un parrainage par la Faculté de médecine et de médecine dentaire de l'Université d'Alberta, a entraîné des mises à jour aux curriculums médicaux, et a inspiré des évènements semblables à d'autres établissements.Re s e a rc h Inclusive Health Conference: Conference-Based Education as an Intervention to Address Medical Education DeficitsJocelyn Andruko, BHSc 1 ; Brandon Christensen 1 ; Melanie Lewis, MD, FRCPC 2 1 University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry 2 University of Alberta Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Professor of Pediatrics Introduction: Physicians are responsible for the health of all patients, but medical students receive inadequate training on the healthcare needs of LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer) patients [1]. Education about cultural issues and proper terminology are also under-addressed. Healthcare practices that cannot demonstrate inclusivity risk alienating patients and perpetuating barriers to patient care for sexual and gender ...
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