Two decades after designing and implementing the course of Children's sport as a university subject at the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, and its full academic and practical affirmation, the question of revising and expanding the theoretical and practical context of this subject has been raised, especially in the area of knowledge-related to long-term development of an athlete (DRS) and career planning (problem of this paper). Therefore, theoretical and practical models related to DRS have been introduced as the subject of this analysis, and as a function of theoretical and practical verification, related to defining the context of a new cognitive problem. If we summarize the extensive theoretical and practical sources, we can conclude that sport theory is not capable to creating a framework for a realistic, much less a long-term athlete development model, which is why the aim of this paper is to set out the theoretical and empirical trends towards a new paradigm for holistic view of DRS through sport. An essential and thorough analysis of the context of a representative model of long-term development of an athlete, known by its English acronym "LATD and other DRS models ascertained that their starting point should be established around the concept of "physical literacy", as well as that the truth of the DRS model is still in the process of theoretical and practical verification. The discussion offered is a framework for new strides in approach to a comprehensive theory and practice of sport, especially in the area of children's and youth sport.

This paper was made on the basis of three cognitive steps of inductive and deductive reasoning in order to confirm the status of sport as a significant factor of the social reality in this century, to identify problems in the field of sports profession and occupations and to propose measures and activities which would set up a logical strategic baseline for defining the criteria when formulating the profession and determining sports occupations. Within the first cognitive step, the views on the mission of sports, which has been assessed to be of an immediate and utmost importance for complementing ontological and body-related study on sports in this century, have been pointed out. Within the second step, the causes leading to the fact that the profession of Sports and sports occupations are inadequately recognized, both at the national and international level, have been considered. The problems observed in the area of the academic study programs at the faculties in Serbia were analysed and correlated with the trends in education (education and training) for the sports coach occupation. Within the third step, the elements of the affirmation strategy for the profession of Sports have been proposed. The purpose of this paper should be understood as a step further in the civilization's confirmation of the importance and role of sports, as well as in providing a framework for strategic actions for the benefit of the profession, as well as the existing and new occupations in sports. In this paper, it was equally important to identify and point out the barriers found in the academic programs of Serbian faculties that need to be overcome in order to achieve the desired affirmation and progress of Physical Education and Sport Science.

ABStR AC tThe present study evaluated reproducibility of the inert gas rebreathing method to estimate cardiac output at rest and during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Thirteen healthy subjects (10 males, 3 females, ages 23-32 years) performed maximal graded cardiopulmonary exercise stress test using a cycle ergometer on 2 occasions (Test 1 and Test 2). Participants cycled at 30-watts/ 3-min increments until peak exercise. Hemodynamic variables were assessed at rest and during different exercise intensities (i. e., 60, 120, 150, 180 watts) using an inert gas rebreathing technique. Cardiac output and stroke volume were not significantly different between the 2 tests at rest 7.4 (1.6) vs. 7.1 (1.2) liters min − 1 , p = 0.54; 114 (28) vs. 108 (15) ml beat − 1 , p = 0.63) and all stages of exercise. There was a significant positive relationship between Test 1 and Test 2 cardiac outputs when data obtained at rest and during exercise were combined (r = 0.95, p < 0.01 with coefficient of variation of 6.0 %), at rest (r = 0.90, p < 0.01 with coefficient of variation of 5.1 %), and during exercise (r = 0.89, p < 0.01 with coefficient of variation 3.3 %). The mean difference and upper and lower limits of agreement between repeated measures of cardiac output at rest and peak exercise were 0.4 ( − 1.1 to 1.8) liter min − 1 and 0.5 ( − 2.3 to 3.3) liter min − 1 , respectively. The inert gas rebreathing method demonstrates an acceptable level of test-retest reproducibility for estimating cardiac output at rest and during cardiopulmonary exercise testing at higher metabolic demands.

The subject of this paper were the changes in the National Sports System (NSS) lasting since the Republic of Serbia gained its full state independence (in May 2006) until present. National sports organizations have initiated those changes related to sports and overall culture and science of physical activity as well. The changes have been initiated in the belief that they will be expedient for the development of sports and society in Serbia. The documents include the facts about the aspiration of the then-leaders towards a consolidated model of sports, based on its broad autonomy. The changes have been planned to occur with the logistic and financial assistance of the actors outside the sports system, including the state (central government and local self-government units). In the restricted conditions of the socioeconomic development of Serbia and the Serbian political system, the changes have also occurred with the participation of the state, whereby its support (2006-2007), and partnership (2008-2010) were registered, and since 2011, the political, and then legal (legislative) "consolidation" of the national sports in favour of the state-politics has been established. Everything that has been done in the sports system in Serbia since May 2006 can be assessed and evaluated in relation to various criteria, and primarily in relation to the results achieved by athletes, but also in relation to: the organization of major single-sport and multisport competitions; the development of individual areas relevant for the affirmation and humanization of national sports (sports medicine and protection of athletes, anti-doping, Paralympic sports, women's participation in sport...); allocation for sports; citizens' participation in physical activity and mass sports... but also according to the criterion of the sports system management and consolidation and the impacts of the state and politics on sports. In regard to the latter criterion, this paper examined its development and epilogue to the NSS. The conclusion is that the sports system continues to search for its value, organizational, program and managerial identity, and that the changes in the Serbian sports system have "abandoned" the prudent and innovative beginning leading to the exhausting and unpromising state interventionism of an unknown outcome!

Menadžment kao proces planiranja, organizovanja, rukovođenja, koordinacije i kontrole, ili kao teorija upravljanja, svoje puno mjesto i značaj ima i u izučavanju i razvoju nacionalnog sistema sporta, kao i u upravljanju programima za učešće na velikim sportskim takmičenjima, kakve su olimpijske igre (predmet rada). Analizom olimpijskih programa koje realizuje Olimpijski komitet Srbije (OKS), utvrđena je njihova instrumentalizovana vrijednost i uticaj na sistem sporta, stečena su znanja o procesu i iskustvima za upravljanje pripremama i učešćem sportista Srbije na olimpijskim igrama (cilj rada). Olimpijski programi i želja za učešćem i uspjehom na olimpijadi motivišu sportiste, angažuju okruženje, opredjeljuju strategiju kojoj pripada i paradigma budućeg razvoja, zasnovana na naučnim znanjima, te obrazovanom i iskusnom kadru