Objective To identify the distribution of carbon dioxide tension (pCO 2 ) relative to pH in validated umbilical cord acid-base data.Design Observational study.Setting European hospital labour wards.Population Data for 36 432 term newborns were obtained from three sources: two trials of fetal monitoring with electrocardiography (ECG; the Swedish randomised controlled trial and the European Union Fetal ECG trial) and data from Mölndal Hospital.Methods From the total study population, cases with missing values or obvious typing errors were excluded. The remaining data were validated based on specified criteria. Percentiles of arterial pCO 2 by pH were calculated using multilevel regression modelling.Main outcome measures Umbilical cord pH, pCO 2 and base deficit.Results Acid-base values were considered invalid in one out of seven cases. Percentiles for arterial pCO 2 corresponding to specified values of arterial pH were developed from the validated data of 26 690 cases.Conclusions Percentiles for arterial pCO 2 for a specified arterial pH can be used as a tool to identify cases with erroneously low pCO 2 values, and thus avoid an incorrect interpretation of the newborn's acid-base status.Keywords Acid-base balance, acidosis, arterial blood, blood chemistry, buffers, hydrogen-ion concentration, intrapartum hypoxia, outliers, pH, pH and base deficit, umbilical cord acid-base status , umbilical cord artery pCO 2 , umbilical cord blood, validation.

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Cardiotocography plus ST analysis provides accurate information about intrapartum hypoxia similar to that obtained by scalp-pH.

ST depression on the FECG was significantly more prevalent in the fetuses of mothers with DM, probably not indicating hypoxia but an altered ability of the myocardium to respond to the stress of labour. Further studies into the mechanism of fetal compromise during diabetic labour, are required.