Dengue fever (break-bone fever) is a viral disease transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. It is caused by the Dengue virus, which is a single positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Dengue fever is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas and is a significant public health concern in many countries, including`g Nigeria. The disease is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, headache, body aches, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands, and rash. In severe cases, dengue fever can lead to complications such as bleeding, organ impairment, and dengue shock syndrome. Diagnosing dengue fever can be challenging, especially in areas where it is endemic. In endemic locations, diagnosis is often made clinically based on the patient's reported symptoms and a physical examination. Tourniquet testing, which involves applying a blood pressure cuff and counting any petechial hemorrhages, can help in the diagnosis. Laboratory methods, including full blood count, cell culture, nucleic acid identification (PCR), and serology, can be used to confirm the diagnosis. Preventing dengue fever involves controlling the mosquito vector and protecting oneself from mosquito bites. Measures such as eliminating mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and using bed nets can help prevent mosquito bites. Vaccination against dengue is also available, with the Dengvaxia vaccine being used in some countries. There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue fever. Management focuses on supportive care, maintaining a healthy fluid balance, and relieving symptoms such as fever and pain. Severe cases may require hospitalization and intensive medical care. In Nigeria, dengue fever is often misdiagnosed or overlooked due to similarities with other febrile illnesses like malaria. This can lead to underreporting and inadequate management of dengue cases. Increasing awareness among healthcare professionals and the general population is crucial for early detection and appropriate management of dengue fever in Nigeria. In conclusion dengue fever is a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, primarily Aedes species. It is a significant global health concern, including in Nigeria. Early diagnosis, prevention measures, and supportive care are essential in managing dengue fever and reducing its impact on public health. This review is aimed at discussing the current issues of Dengue fever with focus on Nigeria.

This study was an exploratory prospective observational study in a cohort of patients on admission with COVID-19 in some health institutions in Nigeria. Patients within the age group of less than 25 years to greater than 50 years of age with PCR-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, involved only those who gave consent. Ethical concern was highly upheld. Taro Yamman formula was used to determine the sample size of 400 and probability sampling technique used. Primary and secondary data sources were used. Clinical assessments and blood sample collected at one point in time following standard protocol according to WHO. Malaria diagnosis was done using microscopy through thin and thick film using Gemisha staining. All data were analyzed for descriptive statistics- frequency and percentage distributions and prevalence rates. Total malaria prevalence rate in the study was high 327 (81.8%) and in terms of severity the older age group (>50years) had high (84.8%) malaria parasitaemia. However, low parasiteamia 154 (38.5%) was common regardless of the age groups and formed the majority of malaria parasites detected while the high malaria parasitaemia was least with 59 (14.8%). The prevalence of COVID-19 co-infection with malaria was high as recorded in this study. The age group >50years had the highest number of COVID-19 patients with high malaria parasitemia. The study findings highlight the significance of understanding the possible medical and therapeutic implications of such overlapping co-infections in malaria endemic area with high morbidity burden. Routine Malaria screening and treatment should be an integral aspect of COVID-19 treatment regimen in malaria endemic region with much emphasis among the geriatrics. All malaria elimination programme and roll back malaria core values should be strengthened from vector control, to use of insecticide treated nets and others should be regularly practiced.

The deadly but uncommon Ebola virus disease affects both humans and primates (EVD). The Ebola virus causes a severe form of hemorrhagic fever in which the victim’s blood clots abnormally, leading to internal bleeding. After initial contact with the virus, "dry" symptoms such as fever, aches and pains, and exhaustion typically appear, followed by "wet" symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting anywhere from two to twenty-one days (on average, eight to ten) later Virologists believe Laupland and Valiquette are hosting the virus. It is believed that the onlyway for the Ebola virus to spread is through direct contact between people and blood or other body fluids from a person showing symptoms of the disease. Saliva, mucus, vomit, faeces, tears, perspiration, breast milk, urine, and sperm all contain the Ebola virus. The term "spillover" is used to describe the zoonotic spread of the Ebola virus from infected hosts like the fruit bat or nonhuman primates to other animals. The Ebola virus is amember of the viral family known as Filoviridae in the order of Mononegavirales the Marburg virus is also. Ebola virus infection can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy, antigen capture detection tests, serum neutralisation tests, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assays, antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and virus isolation through cell culture. The term "Ebola vaccine" refers to both already available and planned vaccines against the virus. Only Zaire ebolavirus and rVSV-ZEBOV vaccines are effective against this disease. Treatment that is purely supportive, such as relieving patients of their symptoms and giving them water orally or intravenously, does not improve prognosis. This research intends to give Nigerians an up-to-date picture of the spread of EVD in the country in the wake of the recent pandemic in neighboring Uganda.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread illness, death, and economic disruption around the world. At the same time, malaria continues to be a leading cause of death in many countries. This study aims to examine the relationship between COVID-19, malaria, and occupation. It was a cross sectional study of 400 COVID-19 positive patients. Data were collected through questionnaires and blood samples collected and examined for malaria parasite. The data gotten was analyzed using graph pad prism Version 8.0.2.263. Results gotten reveals that risk factors are not significantly associated with occupation, Prevalence of malaria is not significantly associated with occupation, the level of Parasitaemia is not significantly associated with occupation and Symptoms are also not significantly associated with occupation at p>0.05. The study has confirmed that risk factors, prevalence of malaria, severity of parasitaemia and symptoms have no association with occupation. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to protect other populations, including measures to improve access to personal protective equipment and treatment for COVID-19 and malaria.

Plague is a contagious disease caused by the zoonotic bacteria, (Yersinia pestis) but transmitted by fleas. It is found on rodents and their fleas. The most common ways for humans to contract plague are through handling a plague-infected animal or by getting bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the pathogen. Septicemic, pneumonic, and bubonic plague are the three most prevalent types. The bubonic plague typically takes 2 to 8 days to incubate. Patients experience weakness, one or more enlarged, painful lymph nodes, headache, chills, and fever (called buboes). The bite of an infected flea results in plague, which is the most widespread type of plague. Pneumonic plague, a more severe form of bubonic plague, can progress and disseminate to the lungs. Septicemic plague incubation period isn’t exactly known but, it most likely happens within days of exposure and is accompanied by high temperature, chills, intense exhaustion, stomach discomfort, shock, and maybe, bleeding into the skin and other organs. Pneumonic plague often only takes 1 to 3 days to incubate and is accompanied by a fever, headache, weakness, rapidly progressing pneumonia, shortness of breath, chest pain, coughing up occasionally bloody or watery mucus, and other symptoms. Generally, fever, chills, headaches, and nausea are some of the general plague symptoms. There is also the case of lymph nodes enlargement, coughing, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Plague can be transmitted through; bites by fleas, contact with contaminated fluid or tissue, and infectious droplets. The symptoms of plague are typically non-specific; hence laboratory investigation is necessary for a certain diagnosis. Y. pestis infection can be detected using a microscope and by bacteria culture. The sample (buboes) can be gotten from blood, mucus (sputum), or an aspirate taken from swollen lymph nodes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), can also be employed to diagnose plague (F1 capsule antigen). It is also possible to identify plague by using blood tests that look for antibodies to Y. pestis. Plague can be prevented by eliminating rodent’s habitats around living houses, workplace, and leisure locations, and elimination of bushes, rock piles, garbage, cluttered firewood, and potential rodent food sources such as pet and wild animal food. Plague vaccines are only recommended for high-risk categories such as laboratory professionals who are constantly exposed to the risk of contamination, and health care workers. All forms of plague respond to antibiotic treatment if they are diagnosed early. Those suspected to have made contact with infected patients or animals should be isolated and observed. Plague remains one of the most infectious diseases worldwide. Although as at the time of this review, there is no recent case of plague in Nigeria, or in Africa, effort is still required to create robust awareness among the population on the subject of plague. The focus of this review is to educate and create more awareness among the citizens on plague as a highly infectious disease.