This paper presents a case concerning micro-domestic tourism on the Isle of Man, BritishIsles. Despite being a small island, research highlights that considerable domestic tourism occurs (referred to as micro-domestic tourism to reflect the small island size and distinguish from wider British Isles tourism), including daytrips and overnight stays. Participants identified such behaviour as touristic, and distinct from other leisure activities. Qualitative interviews with residents explore the nature of and reasons for micro-domestic tourism within a small island. Breaks from routine, entertaining friends and family, and exploring less well known landscapes, are shown to underpin. Highlighted, is that micro-domestic tourism has a variety of potential benefits, which may counter some of the restrictions typically faced by a small island community. Support for an otherwise ailing tourism industry may help to protect facilities and infrastructure used by the wider community, maintain tourism capacity, and provide atmosphere attractive to foreign visitors.

defined, and what implications can be drawn from in relation to sustainability (see Figure 1). 23Tourism culture can be seen as a product of the melange of host and guest cultures that 24 occurs in a destination, resulting in a new and distinctive emergent culture, in turn shaped by 25 2 and shaping the local tourism context. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of host-26 guest interactions and the outputs to emerge from these, using tourism culture as a lens to do 27 so. It is proposed that this alternative perspective might synthesise and complement various 28 conceptual narratives within the tourism literature, and can be used to encourage a more 29 holistic, nuanced and potentially positive evaluation of tourism outputs. 30It appears that both hosts and guests are mutually affected by their tourism 31 involvements. Tourism is widely associated with cultural influence upon and at times fusion in the industry (Sindga, 1996). With these recognised as factors in more sustainable forms of Tourism Culture Nexus 81Tourism culture may best be seen as a nexus between host culture and guest culture (see 82 Figure 3). On the one hand host culture is that which is indigenous to a locale: its particular 83 arts and crafts, language, traditional roles, festivals, and ways of doing things (Tsartas, 1992; 84 Simpson, 1993;Tapper, 2001;Smith, 2009). In the case of small islands, these often host 85 unusually rich and distinctive cultures due to their relative isolation. This must be adapted to 103It is the interplay between these two cultures which could be seen as the creation, (Picard, 1997;. 109Tourism potentially becomes over time a part of everyday life (Sindiga, 1996), an authentic 110 demonstration (Cohen, 1988) and integral part of local landscapes and identity (Lim and Evans, 1975, cited in Smith, 1976 for example, defines the potential for tourism stimulated 137 interactions to enrich the knowledge of hosts and guests about each other. Outputs such as 138 higher levels of economic entrepreneurship may be stimulated as a result (see Boissevain, 139 1979;Brown, 1998; Brown and Hall, 2000). Lastly, the potential of tourism to revitalise, reinterpret, recreate and create meaning is 158 raised. Alongside a demonstration effect, what could be described as an 'attention effect' may 159 be stimulated, whereby indigenous communities are motivated by outsider interest to explore, 160 revive and reinterpret traditional aspects of local identity (i.e. Stronza and Gordillo, 2008).

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The concept of narcissism normalisation suggests that individuals and societies are becoming more narcissistic due to various cultural influences. Tourism is reviewed here as one such possible influence. Exploitative, entitled and exhibitionistic tendencies associated with narcissism are wellestablished in tourism. Yet tourism is also an intimate, communal and satisfying activity which may counteract narcissism. Increases in narcissism have significant implications from a sustainable tourism perspective. Narcissism is associated with exploitative and entitled behaviours that over time cause significant harm to those people and landscapes that come into contact with. Narcissism appears to be incompatible with principles of sustainability and the challenges this poses for the industry are reviewed, while the opportunities are also explored. There are signs that narcissism, particularly those aspects relating to exhibitionism, can be co-opted to benefit sustainable development.

This article applies existentialism to sustainable tourism discussion using an exploratory netnographic case study of 12 backpackers. Highlighted is the importance of both existential avoidance and authenticity to participants looking to escape and transcend underlying existential anxiety. Avoidance can be found in the cultural-adherence and selfesteem pathways facilitated by travel. Authenticity is identified in the deeper interactions with host peoples and landscapes, and the liberation, reflection and learning which emerge from this. Avoidance and authenticity are linked in turn with the sustainability of tourism pursued. The former is associated with more hedonistic escape and superficial, selfcentric and insensitive tourism. The latter is suggestive of more transcendent escape and involved, appreciative and alternative tourism.