An important function of emoji as communicative symbols is to convey emotional content from sender to receiver in computer-mediated communication, e. g., WhatsApp. However, compared with real faces, pictures or words, many emoji are ambiguous because they do not symbolize a discrete emotion or feeling state. Thus, their meaning relies on the context of the message in which they are embedded. Previous studies investigated affective judgments of pictures, faces, and words suggesting that these stimuli show a typical distribution along the big two emotion dimensions of valence and arousal. Also, emoji and emoticons have been investigated recently for their affective significance. The present study extends previous research by investigating affective ratings of emoji, emoticons and human faces and by direct comparison between them. In total, 60 stimuli have been rated by 83 participants (eight males, age: 18–49 years), using the non-verbal Self-Assessment Manikin Scales for valence and arousal. The emotionality of the stimuli was measured on a 9-point Likert scale. The results show significant main effects of the factors “stimulus category” and “discrete emotion” including emotionality, valence and arousal. Also, the interaction between these two main factors was significant. Emoji elicited highest arousal, whereas stimuli related to happiness were rated highest in valence across stimulus categories. Angry emoji were rated highest in emotionality. Also, the discrete emotion was best recognized in emoji, followed by human face stimuli and lastly emoticons.

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The sequence-marks of the first imitations of the stater of Philippus II Sequence-marks ornate the staters of Philippus II. The study of these patterns, which have been copied on the first Celtic gold coins, shows that the beginnings of the Gallic coinage is datable after the death of this king. The imitations are perfect at first, except for a very limited coinage, on which a Celtic inscription written in Roman letters, replaces the word ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΥ. The finds of Macedonian staters in Gaul are exceptional. The variety with a thunderbolt, the monogram and the ear of corn is the one which has been the most imitated by the Gauls, it has never been found in France.