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Aims Nanoparticle conjugates have the potential for delivering siRNA, splice-shifting oligomers or nucleic acid vaccines, and can be applicable to anticancer therapeutics. This article compares tripartite conjugates with gold nanoparticles or synthetic methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimers. Materials & methods Interactions with model liposomes of a 1:1 molar ratio of tripalmitin:cholesterol or phospholipid:cholesterol were investigated by high-throughput absorbance, as well as fluorescence difference and cellular luminescence assays. Results Spectral differences and dynamic light-scattering spectroscopy shifts demonstrated the interaction of conjugates with liposomes. Biological activity was demonstrated by upregulation of gene expression via splice-shifting oligomers, delivery of anti-B-Raf siRNA in cultured human cancer cells or tuberculosis antigen 85B plasmid expression vector in a coculture model of antigen presentation. Conclusion The data suggests that gold nanoparticles and methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-block-polyamidoamine dendrimer nanoconjugates may have potential for binding, stabilization and delivery of splice-shifting oligomers, siRNA and nucleic acid vaccines for preclinical trials.

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Background: The killing of George Floyd triggered the Black Lives Matter protests against police brutality and social injustices in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. No research to date has assessed the COVID-19 prevention practices and beliefs of protesters. The purpose of this study was to assess COVID-19 prevention practices and beliefs of Black Lives Matter protesters in the USA. Methods: A pilot mixed methods study was employed. Participants completed a survey collecting data on their frequency in following COVID-19 recommended guidelines and answered open-ended interview questions to elucidate the results from the survey. Results: Twenty participants completed the study. Participants’ average age was 29 and most participants were female (80%) and black (75%). Most always or almost always properly wore their masks (50% and 25%, respectively) and washed their hands during a protest 2-3 times or more than 3 times (35% and 50%, respectively). Although all believed that COVID-19 testing is important (90%), most had never been tested (85%) and most did not self-quarantine for 14 days after protesting (95%). Moreover, most participants reported never or rarely following social distancing guidelines at a protest (25% and 30%, respectively) and most reported being Not at all or Slightly concerned about COVID-19 while at a protest (25% and 30%, respectively). Qualitative data highlighted the following themes: 1) Fighting for social justice, 2) Protesting being more important than COVID-19, 3) Unable to keep 6 ft distance, 4) Masks worn most of the time, 5) Protests sparked global movement, and 6) Increasing awareness of injustices. Conclusion: Although protesters believe that both the fight for social justice and taking precautions during the COVID-19 pandemic are important, they believe the fight for social justice is more important than the COVID-19 pandemic. However, they understand the importance of COVID-19 and try to practice the recommended guidelines to prevent its spread while protesting. These results make an important contribution for policies for controlling the spread of the disease, and also understanding human behavior of protesting for social justice during a pandemic.

Numerous strategies are being explored to reduce fuel consumption and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. One of these strategies revolves around optimizing driving behaviour, especially in the vicinity of signalized intersections. Real-world testing of EcoDrive, a connected vehicle application, was conducted over a period of months on an arterial roadway with semi-actuated and connected traffic signals. Green light optimal speed advisories and velocity planning messages were communicated by means of two-way wireless network connectivity to drivers based on the current vehicle position and real-time signal phase information. Vehicle positioning, at a single second resolution, was used to estimate emissions by way of a state of the art emission modeling software. A reduction in carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of 9.62% (CI 95 1.74 to 1.02 kg/h) and a 9.64% (CI 95 0.65 to 0.38 L/h) fuel savings were observed while travel time was not significantly altered.iii