Objective: The aim of the study was evaluate the tannin content, antioxidant activity and the lethality of unripe fruits extract of Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae) against brine shrimps. Methods: The tested samples for tannins content were water, ethanol:water (1:3) and acetone:water (1:3) extract. The unripe fruits powder of S. viarum was used to extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus for 2 hr. Cytotoxicity was screened using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test and aqueous extract. Results: The results demonstrated that the yield of tannins for the acetone:water extraction was substantially higher than that typical yields obtained by ethanol:water or water extraction [31.10% for Total Solids (%), 14.99% for Stiasny's Index (%), 3.99% for Condensed Tannins in the Extract (%) and 1.09% for Condensed Tannins in the Unripe Fruits (%). The antioxidant activity was 61.12±12.42 % compared to ascorbic acid (100%) and polyphenol concentration was 39.33±4.45 mg of tannic acid/g of extract obtained from the tannic acid calibration curve y = 0.0128x -0.0015 (R 2 = 0.9988). Flavonoid concentration was 89.36 ± 11.6 mg of quercetin/g of extract obtained by quercetin calibration curve y=0.0153x+0.0109, R 2 =0.9827. The results demonstrated that the positive control (potassium dichromate) hatching success was significantly higher than the S. viarum extract (P<0.05). LC 50 was 66.01 µg/ml for the water extract of unripe fruit of S. viarum and in accord to Clarkson's toxicity criterion, LC 50 < 100 µg/mL are considered highly toxic for aqueous extract. Conclusion: The unripe fruit extract of S. viarum demonstrated low percentage in phenolic content, but significant antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid concentrations. S. viarum unripe fruits extract is toxic to Artemia salina.
A Educação Ambiental é uma importante alternativa pedagógica para o enfrentamento dos conflitos socioambientais recorrentes na escola do campo. Diante desse contexto, esta pesquisa investigou em que medida a temática dos conflitos ambientais interferem na prática pedagógica em escolas do campo, pertencentes a um município do interior do Paraná historicamente extrativista. A pesquisa adotou a abordagem qualitativa do tipo pesquisa participante. Os participantes foram professores e gestores de um município localizado no interior do estado do Paraná. As informações foram analisadas por meio da Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin (1977) e análise qualitativa de Minayo (1998). Os resultados revelaram a preocupação dos participantes com a estagnação econômica e a falta de perspectiva em relação ao município. Além disso, ficou evidente a existência de um conflito socioambiental no município que reflete na prática escolar. Os professores demonstraram ter uma percepção clara dos conflitos socioambientais e injustiças sociais vivenciados pela comunidade, mas não conseguiram fazer a transposição dessa percepção para uma atuação pedagógica que tenha condições de enfrentar essa realidade. Entendemos, portanto, que a adoção dos princípios da vertente crítica da Educação Ambiental pode contribuir para uma formação cidadã consciente e mais apta a intervir na realidade em questão.
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