Calculations using an analytic potential show that carbon nanocones can exhibit conventional cone shapes or can form concentric wave-like metastable structures, depending on the nanocone radius. Single nanocones can be assembled into extended two-dimensional structures arranged in a self-similar fashion with fivefold symmetry as system size is increased. Calculations of the electronic properties of nanocones indicate that a pentagon in the centre of a cone is the most probable spot for emitting tunnelling electrons in the presence of an external field. This implies that nanocone assemblies, if practically accessible, could be used as highly localized electron sources for templating at scales below more traditional lithographies.

The aim of this study is to develop the first system based on chemical MOX sensors for monitoring ethanol on the skin after consumption. Thus, non-invasive measurements to monitor alcohol concentration and their correlation with blood and breathe Alcohol become possible. Transdermal alcohol emissions by perspiration have been investigated during clinical trials to demonstrate the relevance of this method. First, three commercial MOX sensors were used after calibration in respect of the thermodynamic conditions of the skin surface. Then, six volunteers have been selected for clinical trials with two cohorts of BAC target: 0.5 g/l and 0.8 g/l, and the three different sensors have been integrated in a wristband. We observed that the skin emits ethanol concentrations and we found a consistent correspondence between the kinetics of blood, breath and perspiration. MOX sensors can reliably estimate whether a drinker consumed a low or significant amount of alcohol. After validating this method, we developed our sensors based on tin dioxide thin sensitive layers with thickness of 50nm.Sensitive properties of the films to ethanol were studied in the conditions of the skin surface.

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