ResumoO presente estudo avaliou o desempenho ecofisiológico das espécies Zea mays (milho), Sorghum bicolor (sorgo) e Brachiaria decumbens (braquiária) sob condições de déficit hídrico em casa de vegetação. O potencial hídrico foliar, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila a e variáveis bioquímicas do metabolismo fotossintético foram avaliados no máximo estresse e na reidratação. Aos 90 dias após a emergência e sob 21 dias com suspensão da irrigação o milho apresentou a maior redução do potencial hídrico (248%), condutância estomática (87%) e fotossíntese (53%) quando comparado às plantas bem hidratadas. O sorgo apresentou redução de 212%, 42% e 26%, enquanto a braquiária mostrou valores menores em 105%, 36% e 31%, respectivamente para os mesmos parâmetros. Entretanto, dois dias de reidratação foram o suficiente para todas as espécies recuperarem os valores apresentados pelos respectivos controles. A espécie que apresentou a menor queda relacionada aos parâmetros avaliados foi o sorgo, com redução em apenas 4 das 14 variáveis avaliadas, enquanto braquiária e milho reduziram 9 variáveis quando sob seca. O presente estudo destaca que, além da questão econômica, a tomada de decisão por parte de técnicos e pequenos agricultores de quais espécies devem ser utilizadas, sob baixa disponibilidade de tecnologia e alto risco de ocorrência de falta de água, deve-se levar em conta também o desempenho ecofisiológico.Palavras-chave: Brachiaria decumbens, Sorghum bicolor, Zea mays, semiárido, tolerância à seca, trocas gasosas. Ecophysiological performance of maize, sorghum and brachiaria under water deficit and rehydration AbstractThe present study evaluated the ecophysiological performance of species Zea mays (maize), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) and Brachiaria decumbens (Brachiaria) under water deficit conditions in a greenhouse. The leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and biochemical variables of photosynthetic metabolism were assessed at maximum stress and rehydration. At 90 days after emergence and under 21 days under suspension of irrigation the maize showed the highest reduction of leaf water potential (248%), stomatal conductance (87%) and photosynthesis (53%) when compared to well watered plants. Sorghum decreased by 212%, 42% and 26%, while the brachiaria showed lower values in 105%, 36% and 31%, respectively for the same parameters. However, two days of water supply were enough for all species recover the values showed by the respective controls. The species with the smallest decrease related to the variables evaluated was sorghum, which reduced 4 among 14 variables evaluated, while brachiaria and maize decreased 9 variables when under drought. The present study highlights that beyond economics, decision making by small farmers and technicians, about which species should be used under low availability of technology and high risk of water shortages should take into account also the ecophysiological performance.
Leaf traits are analyzed as essential drivers for the evolutionary and ecological role of plant defense mechanisms. Plants show leaf trait variation as a response to the diverse environmental conditions, like different successional stages. Those variations can impact leaf herbivory rates and drive changes in the allocation of plant resources. In this study, we aimed at comparing the expression of leaf defenses in established plants over different successional stages in a tropical dry forest to understand how these defenses modify the plant-herbivore interactions based on herbivory rates. We analyzed physical leaf traits (specific leaf area, thickness, and density), nutrient content (N, P, and K), total phenolic compounds, and leaf herbivory, of the native tree species Aspidosperma pyrifolium and Cenostigma pyramidale, in early-and late-successional stage areas. Results showed that the plant investment in defenses varies according to the successional stage and that both species have similar defense strategies, confirming the resource availability hypothesis. Individuals from the early stage adopt a strategy to lower sclerophylly, higher nutrient content and less phenolic compounds, while the late-stage individuals showed an opposite behaviour. For both species in this study, the average percentage of leaf herbivory observed was 40% higher in the early compared to the late-stage area. Our data indicate that plant defenses are tightly coupled to sclerophylly and investments in secondary metabolites, and the environmental conditions of different successional stage drive that plasticity in such leaf traits.
A germinação é considerada um dos pontos mais críticos do desenvolvimento de uma planta e um fator determinante para o estabelecimento e sucesso das espécies vegetais. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetiva estudar o comportamento germinativo da Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Fabaceae). Para isso, sementes da espécie foram submetidas à germinação, sob a temperatura de 25°C e fotoperíodo de 12 horas. Foram realizados três tipos de tratamento: Controle, escarificação física com lixa nº 60, e escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) por 10 minutos; todos utilizando quatro repetições com 25 sementes, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. O experimento foi repetido um mês depois. Porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio de germinação e velocidade média foi significativamente diferente nas sementes submetidas à abrasão física. Sementes não tratadas apresentaram elevada porcentagem de germinação. Já sementes escarificadas quimicamente não foram eficientes na germinação. Resposta igualmente observada nas duas medições. Através dos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que o tratamento com escarificação física aumenta a porcentagem de germinação, bem como diminui o tempo médio de germinação, indicado assim a eficiência do método para esta espécie.
This study aimed to evaluate the leaf primary metabolism in two woody species, Sterculia foetida and Bombacopsis glabra. Both species have seeds rich in oil and they are largely found in regions with irregularities in water availability. Seedlings were grown in a greenhouse from seeds. At 140 days after emergence, 50% of the plants were subjected to salt stress for 23 days, daily receiving 100 mM of NaCl solution. In both species, leaf stomata conductance and water potential decreased quickly under salt stress. The two species showed different strategies in photosynthetic pigment concentration and components of nitrogen metabolism. S. foetida kept the pigment concentration unchanged after 23 days of stress, while B. glabra increased concentration of chlorophyll a and carotenoids. S. foetida showed a high leaf concentration of K+ in stressed plants and a Na+/K+ ratio without differences when compared to control. Thus, S. foetida presented a better ionic balance, while B. glabra invested in photoprotection. Therefore, both species present potential to be planted in Brazilian Northeast, where water deficit and salt stress are challenging for annual crops.
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