These findings clarify the interpretation of changes in HRV that occur during slow-paced breathing by showing that changes in low-frequency power under these conditions are almost entirely vagally mediated. Slow-paced breathing is an effective tool for cardiac vagal activation.

In our international cohort of 103 patients with AD, 78% reported concomitant pain and itch. The greatest pain burden occurred on the hands (odds ratio [OR], 0.77), perioral region (OR, 0.74), and toes (OR, 0.7), corresponding to regions with the greatest sensory nerve density. Pain was most commonly described as "burning" and "stinging," particularly when lesions were red, cracked, and dry. Its presence significantly interfered with sleep, leisure activities, and activities of daily living. Among the clinic cohort, we observed a strong Spearman correlation between objective Eczema Area and Severity Index score and subjective skin pain. It is imperative that clinicians understand patients' unique pain burden to best evaluate clinical severity and quality-of-life interference.

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