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These four publications appeared in the latter half of 1947 but all of them were written near the middle of the year. Three of them deal directly with the policy which the United States should adopt toward the Soviet Union. The concern of Mr. Armstrong at first seems to be limited to “the two main objectives of American foreign policy”: “to help Europe live and to strengthen the United Nations.” Subsequently, however, although Mr. Armstrong is nowhere explicit on this point, it appears that these are techniques, rather than objectives, for the first would avert the “planned social and economic disintegration” furthered by the Soviet Union, while the second would diminish the effectiveness of Moscow's policy of “indirect aggression.” It is, therefore, not unreasonable to include Mr. Armstrong among those offering answers to the question: Where do we go from here in seeking equilibrium and even an accord with the Kremlin?

Wars have ended in Latin America since 1850 in various ways. Until 1948 most of them ended on the victors' terms. Before the establishment of the Pan-American Union in 1889, the victors' terms received no international sanction; the three significant conflicts between 1932 and 1942—the Chaco, Leticia, and the Marañón—were concluded by military triumphs by Paraguay, Colombia, and Peru, but in all three instances internationally mediated settlements cloaked the military decisions in decent guise.