A disaster is a natural or manmade hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or drastic change to the environment. Due to diverse geographical coverage, Nepal is prone to various geological and hydro-meteorological hazards. This paper tries to show the types of disaster, losses and damages induced by disaster and analyze the trend and geographical distribution of disaster in Nepal. This study is based on the secondary data sources. Disaste r events data were collected from NSET and other government research papers, library etc. 26,665 events were reported during a 45 year and 43,868 people were died, 2,828 people were missing by disaster. Fire, flood landslide, accident and thunderstorms are major disasters in terms of occurrences and Earthquake, flood, and landslide are the major disasters in terms of damages and losses. The trend of disaster events is gradually increasing from the 1971 to 2000 but after 2000 the trend of disaster is drastically increasing to 2016. Annually 593 disaster events have occurred in Nepal. The data of impacts caused by the disasters also reveal that the estimated annual economic loss is increasing with the increasing frequency of disasters. The number of natural disasters as well as the number of corresponding casualties, injured and affected people, and economic loss is steadily on the rise. Tarai and Hilly districts are highly vulnerable than Mountain districts and Hill and Tarai region are most affected than Mountain region due different disaster in Nepal. The Tarai and some central hill districts are most vulnerable in terms of disasters occurrences. Among the seven provinces, province no 3 recorded the highest number of human deaths and disasters occurrences.

The study focuses on the eastern margin of the zone affected by the April–May 2015 earthquakes, i.e. the Dudh Koshi River section between the Khari Khola and Monjo (Solukhumbu District). Visits before and after the earthquake sequence allowed us to assess the geomorphic changes caused by the earthquakes and the subsequent monsoon. These changes are characterized by land sliding (rock falls, rockslides, landslides, gullies and debris flows), and cascading processes, which supplied coarse debris into rivers (bed load).The impact of the earthquakes on buildings, trails and existing infrastructures (canals, hydropower plants) was also investigated. While the age and construction quality of buildings are of some import, other parameters such as the nature and depth of colluvial deposits appear to be significant factors likely to amplify the effects of ground shaking, as observed on large block fields south-west of the Khari Khola catchment, which might be inherited from former undated seismic events.

Nepal experienced disastrous earthquake events in 2015. The first one (magnitude of 7.8) with epicenter in Barpak, Gorkha district, occurred on 25th April 2015, followed by another event (7.3 magnitude) on 12thMay 2015, with epicenter in 19 km south east of Kodari, Sindhupalchok district. Those earthquake events induced different types of geo-hazard and they are widely distributed and caused serious damages and losses. This paper discusses the types of geo-hazards induced by these Gorkha and Sindhupalchok earthquake events and the losses and damages from those events; and the future risk from those geo-hazards in Pharak area covering 305 km2 in Solukhumbu district, Nepal. Satellite images of before and after the events were used to map landslide, debris flow, landslide dam and other geomorphic changes after earthquake. Information on the losses, damages and future risk were collected through focus group discussion, key informants’ interview, observation, and measurement. A total of 79 landslides, 13 rock falls, 5 debris flow and one site of river damming were identified and mapped. The losses and damages included private and public buildings, cultivated land, crops and other infrastructure such as trails, canals for hydropower plant. The losses and damages associated with landslide and debris flow induced by earthquake is comparatively higher than the losses and damages from other geomorphic hazards such as rock fall and landslide dam and landslide dam outburst flood. The risk from those geo-hazards induced by earthquake is also high. Community mobilization with activities of regular monitoring of those hazards, skill development for rescue operation, design and implementation of mitigation measures are some of the efforts necessary for better management of disaster risk.

Flood, a common water-induced disaster of monsoon season, is a recurring phenomenon in Nepal. It causes many deaths and injuries besides severe impacts on the vital infrastructures of the nation. This paper reviews the published national and international journal articles related to flood hazard mapping in Nepal. Desinventar database from 1971-2016 shows that Bagmati province and province 2 are more affected than other provinces in Nepal. Here we review the previous studies on flood disasters at the regional and national levels. The results show that most of the papers are based on a steady flow model for inundation mapping and more focuses on hazard analysis rather than vulnerability and risk assessment.

Nepal is one of the world's most vulnerable countries to a variety of risks, including severe floods. This could result in the loss of lives and property, the relocation of people, the damage of physical infrastructures, homes, and the disruption of people's socioeconomic functions and the country's economy in a variety of ways. River flooding is caused by heavy monsoon rainfall, weak geology, unplanned infrastructure construction along the embankments, and mining in upstream riverbeds. The Andheri Khola (river) is a tributary of the Sunkoshi River that frequently floods, affecting the inhabitants along the way. In Nepal, little effort has been made to comprehend the flood risk in tiny catchment regions such as Andheri Khola, despite the fact that this sort of small catchment is affecting Nepal's numerous new rising towns and urban areas in many ways. To analyse the one-dimensional flood plain, HEC-RAS, Ras Mapper, and ArcGIS were used. The WECS/DHM approach was used to estimate flood frequency in different return periods in order to determine the flood risk in the research area. The study finds that the floods of 2, 50, 100, and 1000 years return periods cover a maximum of 35, 41.9, 42.7, and 49.72 hectare area, respectively. The majority of the flooded sites had water depths of more than 3 meters. More than 70% of the sandy area in the study region is prone to flooding. Furthermore, the cultivated areas are located in a low to moderate risk area.