Social forestry (SF) has long been implemented in production and protected forests in Indonesia. SF is considered to be a win–win solution for occupied and cultivated forest areas. The aim of this paper was to review the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia and its strengths and challenges. The secondary purpose was to synthesize the lessons learned and recommendations for the government about designing SF that can integrate the objective of forest biodiversity conservation and the social welfare of the surrounding communities. The study used a systematic literature review (SLR) of international and national peer-reviewed articles. The results of the study indicate that SF is intended to achieve benefits in three main areas: social, economic, and ecological. However, the review found that the ecological aspects of biodiversity conservation often receive less attention compared to the social and economic goals. A strong point of SF implementation is increasing community access to forest land use, while a challenge that must be resolved is that including communities in forest management can result in fragmentation and changes to animal habitats; thus, there is the potential for population decline and extinction. This study advises policymakers to pay more attention to ecological functions to ensure forest sustainability in SF development.

The trade relationship between small-scale growers and processing companies often plays an important role in determining the nature and extent of benefi ts derived from commercial forestry, and the distribution of these benefi ts. Many strategies are used by individual small-scale growers, village communities, companies and government agencies to form partnerships to undertake commercial forestry-including outgrower schemes, land leasing by companies, and using intermediary brokers between small-scale growers and processors. This article reports on the key fi ndings of a three-year research project that explored different business partnerships used in commercial forestry in Australia and Indonesia, and identifi ed the critical factors for benefi cial and enduring partnerships. The key lessons from this research are that, for many small-scale growers to form successful partnerships with other investors, they need: • increased knowledge of the operations and components of commercial forestry; • improved access to competitive markets; • increased knowledge of the dynamics of forest product markets; • improved capacity of local farmer forest groups to share experiences and information, and build their knowledge of commercial forestry; and • reduced administrative and fi nancial burden imposed by government on small-scale forestry operations.

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National strategy on gender that stated in Presidential Instruction No. 9/2009, was also applied in private forest management. The composition of private forests which generally consist of woody plants, agricultural crops, and lower crops, allows for the sharing of gender roles in their management, as found in South Konawe. Research methods used survey method and interviews through Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the study indicate that there is a share-out of roles between men and women in private forest management in South Konawe. Men play a dominant role in the management of woody plants, starting from planting to logging while women are dominantly involved in the lower crop cultivation. Women's involvement have greatly helped the family economy through selling vegetables and sago for family consumption as well as to meet daily needs. Supporting activities in private forest management such as attending farmer group meetings and being administrators of farmer groups are still dominated by men. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the proportional involvement of women in private forest management so that they can contribute more to the family needs.