Exploring the implications of social inequalities in community forestry: emerging lessons from two forests in Indonesia

Race, Digby; Sumirat, Bugi Kabul

doi:10.1504/ijsd.2015.070233

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The concept of social networks has been applied in a wide range of fields, both the social and physical sciences (Borgatti et al 2009;Scott 2011). Social networks have been shown to foster the capacity to buffer, adapt to, and shape change by providing resources needed to cope with external stresses and disturbances (Adger 2003;Scott 2011), and fostering innovation and collective activity (Folke et al 2005;Moore and Westley 2011;Newman and Dale 2005;Race and Sumirat 2015). The role of social networks among smallholders is evident when new crops, practices or technology are adopted and shared over time in a village.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Smallholders: Creating Diversified Livelihoods and Landscapes in Indonesia

Race

Suka²,

Oktalina

et al. 2022

Small-scale Forestry

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Encouraging smallholders to diversify their livelihoods has been a long-held policy objective of many governments to create resilient rural communities that can cope with seasonal variations in food production and price fluctuations in commercial markets. Due to the dynamic nature of smallholders' livelihoods, the relative contribution of different sources to household income often remains unclear. Recent research in Indonesia used a household survey of a stratified sample of smallholders (n = 240) in eight villages (five districts) to obtain data of smallholders' income and the relative importance of agroforestry. The research analysed income data from the same households (80%) collected in 2013, 2017 and 2020, providing longitudinal data of livelihoods and household income. Results revealed important information about the nature of Indonesia's rural economy, whereby many smallholders received most of their income from off-farm sources (56% of income). While most smallholders still reported farming as their primary occupation, their families' livelihoods are diverse and mainly supported by non-farm enterprises. Even the mix of farming enterprises is evolving, with agroforestry a prominent land-use and source of household income in Indonesia (29% of income), indicating that smallholders are intentionally diversifying their land-use and livelihoods. Our research found that conventional agricultural enterprises generated just 14% of household income, yet remains vital for household food security. The high proportion of off-farm income for smallholders has important implications for land management and rural development across Indonesia, as smallholders forgo intensification of their farming systems and instead opt for diversification-and at scale, creating resilient landscapes and livelihoods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modern Smallholders: Creating Diversified Livelihoods and Landscapes in Indonesia

Race

Suka²,

Oktalina

et al. 2022

Small-scale Forestry

Self Cite

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“…Many local projects are carried out in partnership between local people, non-profit organizations, local government, and downstream industries, minimizing the risks of social conflicts while generating additional revenue for the local government 12 . Race and Sumirat see further potential improvements through the increase in social capital, extending into sectors other than forestry, such as health, education and agribusiness 13 . For further reading on potentials and hurdles of agroforestry and social forestry in Indonesia, the reviews of Gunawan et al 14 and Rakatama and Pandit 15 also in terms of social and income aspects of the local population as well as impacts on the local community, give an in-depth overview.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon balance of plywood from a social reforestation program in Indonesia

Müller,

Szemkus,

Hiete

2023

Sci Rep

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Social reforestation programs plant trees on degraded, uncultivated land in low-income regions to allow the local population to generate income from selling wood products and—in case of agroforestry systems—to grow food. For fundraising it is of interest to demonstrate not only positive social impacts but also environmental ones. Proving negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions would allow the programs to enter the market for carbon offsetting projects and liberate further funding. In a case study, a social reforestation program in Kalimantan, Indonesia, is analyzed. GHG emissions (according to ISO 14067, PAS 2050 and EU ILCD Handbook for LCA) of the main product, laminated veneer lumber plywood, are determined as 622 and 21 kg CO2-e/m3 for short-term and long-term (above 100 years) plywood use, respectively. Switching to lignin-based resins and renewable electricity could reduce emissions down to − 363 kg CO2-e/m3 for long-term use. The analyzed agroforestry system produces almost carbon–neutral plywood today and could be climate positive in the mid-term.

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